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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Cui, Wen, et al.
(författare)
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Reversible pressure-induced polymerization of Fe(C5H5)(2) doped C-70
- 2013
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Ingår i: Carbon. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science. - 0008-6223 .- 1873-3891. ; 62, s. 447-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High pressure Raman, IR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have been carried out on C-70(Fe(C5H5)(2))(2) (hereafter, "C-70(Fc)(2)") sheets. Theoretical calculation is further used to analyze the Electron Localization Function (ELF) and charge transfer in the crystal and thus to understand the transformation of C-70(Fc)(2) under pressure. Our results show that even at room temperature dimeric phase and one dimensional (1D) polymer phase of C-70 molecules can be formed at about 3 and 8 GPa, respectively. The polymerization is found to be reversible Upon decompression and the reversibility is related to the pressure-tuned charge transfer, as well as the overridden steric repulsion of counter ions. According to the layered structure of the intercalated ferrocene molecules formed in the crystal, we suggest that ferrocene acts as not only a spacer to restrict the polymerization of C-70 molecules within a layer, but also as charge reservoir to tune the polymerization process. This supplies a possible way for us to design the polymerization of fullerenes at suitable conditions.
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| 6. |
- Jiang, Pengfei, et al.
(författare)
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VLBI astrometry on the white dwarf pulsar AR Scorpii
- 2023
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Ingår i: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 520:2, s. 2942-2951
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AR Scorpii (AR Sco), the only-known radio-pulsing white dwarf binary, shows unusual pulsating emission at the radio, infrared, optical, and ultraviolet bands. To determine its astrometric parameters at the radio band independently, we conducted multi-epoch Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) phase-referencing observations with the European VLBI Network at 5 GHz and the Chinese VLBI Network plus the Warkworth 30-m telescope (New Zealand) at 8.6 GHz. By using the differential VLBI astrometry, we provide high-precision astrometric measurements on the parallax (pi = 8.52(-0.07)(+0.04) mas) and proper motion (mu(alpha) = 9.48(-0.07)(+0.04) mas yr(-1), mu(delta) = -51.32(-0.38)(+0.22) mas yr (-1)). The new VLBI results agree with the optical Gaia astrometry. Our kinematic analysis reveals that the Galactic space velocities of AR Sco are quite consistent with that of both intermediate polars and polars. Combined with the previous tightest VLBI constraint on the size, our parallax distance suggests that the radio emission of AR Sco should be located within the light cylinder of its white dwarf.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Liu, Dedi, et al.
(författare)
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In situ Raman and photoluminescence study on pressure-induced phase transition in C60 nanotubes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. - : Wiley. - 0377-0486 .- 1097-4555. ; 43:6, s. 737-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single crystalline C60 nanotubes having face-centered-cubic structure with diameters in the nanometer range were synthesized by a solution method. In situ Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy under high pressure were employed to study the structural stabilities and transitions of the pristine C60 nanotubes. A phase transition, probably because of the orientational ordering of C60 molecules, from face-centered-cubic structure to simple cubic structure occurred at the pressure between 1.46 and 2.26 GPa. At above 20.41 GPa, the Raman spectrum became very diffuse and lost its fine structure in all wavenumber regions, and only two broad and asymmetry peaks initially centered at 1469 and 1570cm-1 were observed, indicating an occurrence of amorphization. This amorphous phase remained to be reversible until 31.1 GPa, and it became irreversible to the ambient pressure after the pressure cycle of 34.3 GPa was applied.
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| 9. |
- Liu, Dedi, et al.
(författare)
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Pressure-induced phase transitions of C70 nanotubes
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society. - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 115:18, s. 8918-8922
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single crystalline C70 nanotubes having a face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure with diameters on a nanometer scale were synthesized by a facile solution method. In situ high pressure Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction have been employed to study the structural stability and phase transitions of the pristine sample. We show that the molecular orientation-related phase transition from the fcc structure to a rhombohedral structure occurs at about 1.5 GPa, which is 1 GPa higher than in bulk C70. Also, the C70 molecules themselves are more stable in the nanotubes than in bulk crystals, manifested by a partial amorphization at 20 GPa. The crystal structure of C70 nanotubes could partially return to the initial structure after a pressure cycle above 30.8 GPa, and the C70 molecules were intact up to 43 GPa. The bulk modulus of C70 nanotubes is measured to be 50 GPa, which is twice larger than that of bulk C70.
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| 10. |
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