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| 2. |
- Wendt-Rasch, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical requirements in Swedish municipal green public procurement : Challenges and opportunities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green public procurement has been identified as an important instrument to achieve the aim of substituting hazardous chemicals to more benign alternatives. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the specific challenges associated with practically applying procurement requirements for reducing the content of hazardous chemicals. This study contributes with identifying and describing the specific challenges, improvement options, and conflicting goals relating to the aim of reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals through green public procurement.
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| 3. |
- Wendt-Rasch, Lina
(författare)
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Ecological effects of pesticides in freshwater model ecosystems
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis I have investigated the effects of pesticide exposure on the ecosystem level using various types of experimental ecosystems, i.e. microcosms. The direct effect of exposure to cyperemthrin, a pyretroid insecticide, was a rapid decrease of crustancean zooplankton in enclosures in a lake. In the exposed enclosures the biomass of algae, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliates and bacteria increased, likely due to indirect effects of the exposure to cypermethrin. The effects of a sulfonylurea herbicide, metsulfuron-methyl, were investigated in two studies. The experiments showed that the macrophytes were negatively affected following exposure to concentrations of metsulfuron-methyl at which no negative effects were observed on the algal communities. Instead the algae proliferated in the exposed microcosms. The alterations of the primary producing community propagated to the zooplankton, and the species composition of the zooplankton community was altered, which thus was an indirect effect of exposure to metsulfuron-methyl. Hence, these studies show that both insecticides (i.e. cypermethrin) and herbicides (i.e. metsulfuron-methyl), through different mechanisms, can induce a competitive advantage for the algal communities in relation to the macrophytes. This suggests that exposure to pesticides may shift an aquatic ecosystem over to an algal dominated turbid state, i.e. cause alterations similar to changes induced by eutrophication. Furthermore, a study of the effects of a pesticide mixture on aquatic model ecosystems of different trophic status, indicated that the structure and trophic status of aquatic ecosystems is important for the final outcome of pesticide exposure. The effects of the pesticide treatment on the macrophytes and their associated algal community was different in the mesotrophic compared to the eutrophic model ecosystems and the effects were observed at lower concentrations in the mesothrophic microcosms.
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| 5. |
- Wendt-Rasch, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of a pesticide mixture on aquatic ecosystems differing in trophic status: responses of the macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum and the periphytic algal community
- 2004
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-6513. ; 57:3, s. 383-398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of a pesticide mixture (asulam, fluazinam, lambda-cyhalothrin, and metamitron) on aquatic ecosystems were investigated in 20 outdoor aquatic microcosms. Ten of the microcosms simulated mesotrophic aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged macrophytes (Elodea). The others simulated eutrophic ecosystems with a high Lemna surface coverage (Lemna). This paper describes the fate of the chemicals as well as their effects on the growth of Myriophyllum spicatum and the periphytic algal community. In the Elodea-dominated microcosms significant increase in the biomass and alterations of species composition of the periphytic algae were observed, but no effect on M. spicatum growth could be recorded in response to the treatment. The opposite was found in the Lemna-dominated microcosms, in which decreased growth of M. spicatum was observed but no alterations could be found in the periphytic community. In the Elodea-dominated microcosms the species composition of the periphytic algae diverged from that of the control following treatment with 0.5% spray drift emission of the label-recommended rate (5% for lambda-cyhalothrin), while reduced growth of M. spicatum in the Lemna-dominated microcosms was recorded at 2% drift (20% for lambda-cyhalothrin). This study shows that the structure of the ecosystem influences the final effect of pesticide exposure. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Woin, Per, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of metsulfuron methyl and cypermethrin exposure on freshwater model ecosystems
- 2003
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 63:3, s. 243-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term (2 weeks) effects of the herbicide metsulfuron methyl alone and in combination with the insecticide cypermethrin in freshwater enclosures (80 l). We used a factorial design with four levels of herbicide (0, 1, 5, 20 mg/l) and two levels of insecticide (0 and 0.05 mg/l). The root growth of the macrophyte species Elodea canadensis and Myriophyllum spicatum decreased following exposure to the lowest concentration of metsulfuron methyl tested. Metsulfuron methyl exposure resulted in a decreased pH in the aquatic enclosure at the lowest concentration tested, which is most likely a further indication of decreased macrophyte primary production. The biomass of periphytic algae growing on the leaves of M. spicatum increased in the enclosures exposed to metsulfuron methyl. The species composition of the periphytic algae differed significantly from the controls in the enclosures exposed to 20 mg/l of the herbicide. The increased biomass of periphytic algae on the leaves of the macrophytes is probably an indirect effect of the herbicide exposure. The exposure to metsulfuron methyl possibly induced a leakage of nutrients from the macrophyte leaves, which promoted an increased algal growth. The exposure to metsulfuron methyl did not alter the biomass or the species composition of the phytoplankton community. The zooplankton communities in the enclosures were dominated by rotifers, which were not affected by the exposure to cypermethrin. However, a cypermethrin exposure of 0.05 mg/l initially decreased the abundance of copepod nauplii. Ten days after exposure, the abundance of nauplii was significantly higher in the insecticide-exposed enclosures compared with the non-exposed enclosures. This might be an indication of a sub-lethal stress response, which either increased the number of offspring produced or induced an increased hatching of copepod resting stages. No combined effects of the herbicide and insecticide exposure, either direct or indirect, were observed in the enclosure study. Significant effects on the macrophytes were observed following exposure to 1 mg metsulfuron methyl per litre in the enclosure study. Furthermore, a single species laboratory assay indicated that the shoot elongation of E. canadensis decreased following exposure to ]/0.1 mg metsulfuron methyl per litre. These concentrations are well within the range of expected environmental concentrations, thus this study shows that aquatic ecosystems, in particular those which are macrophyte- dominated, may be affected by metsulfuron methyl at concentrations that may well occur in water bodies adjacent to agricultural land.
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| 7. |
- Woin, Per, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on a freshwater community studied under field conditions : II. Direct and indirect effects on the species composition
- 2003
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 63:4, s. 373-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of cypermethrin, a commonly used pyrethroid insecticide, were studied in small in situ enclosures situatedin an eutrophic lake over an 11-day period. The experimental design used a regression principle that included threeuntreated controls and a gradient of six unreplicated cypermethrin concentrations, ranging from 0.01 to 6 mg/l. Thispaper is the second in a series of two and describes the effects on the species composition of the crustacean, rotifer,periphyton and phytoplankton communities. Multivariate ordination technique (redundancy analysis (RDA) combinedwith Monte Carlo permutation tests) showed that exposure to cypermethrin caused significant changes in the speciescomposition of the communities. Changes in the structure of the communities were observed following exposure to anominal concentration of 0.13 mg cypermethrin per litre above. The direct acute effect of exposure to cypermethrin wasa rapid decrease of many species of crustacean zooplankton. The alterations in crustacean species composition wereprobably due to variations in susceptibility to the direct toxic effects of cypermethrin. No effects concentration (NEC)for individual zooplankton species were calculated using inverse regression and revealed that copepod nauplii were themost sensitive (NEC /0.01 mg/l) of the crustacean groups examined. The observed alterations of the speciescomposition of the autotrophic communities as well as of the rotifers were most likely caused indirectly bycypermethrin, mediated through the direct negative effects of the insecticide on the crustacean grazers. The results ofthis experiment provide further knowledge about the direct and indirect effects of pesticide stress on the ecosystem level.They also show that there is a variation in sensitivity between different species of zooplankton under natural conditionsand thus exemplify the necessity of multispecies approaches in the risk assessment of pesticides.
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| 8. |
- Woin, Per, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin, on a freshwater community studied under field conditions : I. Direct and indirect effects on abundance measures of organisms at different trophic levels.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 63:4, s. 357-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on a natural freshwater community were studied in small in situenclosures over an 11-day period. The experiment was conducted in a eutrophic lake using a regression design thatincluded three untreated controls and a gradient of six unreplicated cypermethrin concentrations, ranging from 0.01 to6.1 mg/l. This paper is the first in a series of two, and describes the fate of cypermethrin and its effects on the abundanceof crustaceans, rotifers, protozoans (cilliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)) and bacteria and the biomass ofperiphytic and planktonic algae. The concentration of cypermethrin decreased quickly during the experiment, with ahalf-life of 48 h for the total and 25 h for the dissolved fractions of cypermethrin, respectively. Cypermethrin proved tobe acutely toxic to crustaceans in enclosures receiving nominal cypermethrin concentrations of ]/0.13 mg/l. No EffectConcentration (NEC) and median Effect Concentration (EC50) for the total crustacean community and cladoceran andcopepod subgroups ranged between 0.02 /0.07 and 0.04 /0.17 mg/l, respectively, with copepods being less sensitive thancladocerans. The abundance of rotifers, protozoans and bacteria and the chlorophyll-a concentration of planktonic andperiphytic algae was significantly related to the concentration of cypermethrin. All groups proliferated within 2 /7 daysafter the cypermethrin application in those enclosures where the abundance of crustaceans was seriously affected bycypermethrin (i.e. ]/0.13 mg/l). We hypothesise that the proliferation of rotifers, protozoans, bacteria and algae was dueto a reduced grazer control from crustaceans and thereby mediated indirectly by cypermethrin. The results of thisexperiment provide knowledge on how an entire microplankton community may respond to pyrethroids in nature, andthe indirect effects observed on the community clearly demonstrates the necessity of multispecies field experiments inecotoxicological risk assessment
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| 9. |
- Ågerstrand, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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An academic researcher's guide to increased impact on regulatory assessment of chemicals
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Science. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 19:5, s. 644-655
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interactions between academic research and regulatory assessment of chemicals may in theory seem straightforward: researchers perform studies, and these studies are used by regulators for decision-making. However, in practice the situation is more complex, and many factors decide a research study's regulatory use. According to several EU chemical legislations, all available and relevant studies can be used in hazard and risk assessment of chemicals. However, in practice, standard tests conducted under GLP and sponsored and provided by industry are predominantly used. Peer-reviewed studies from independent sources are often disregarded or disputed since they often do not comply with regulatory data requirements and quality criteria. To help bridge such a gap, the aim of this paper is to give an overview of the general workings of legislation of chemicals and propose a set of actions to increase the usability of research data. In the end, this may increase the use of academic research for decision-making and ultimately result in more science-based policies. From a policy perspective, useful scientific evidence comprises those studies that are sufficiently reliable and relevant. This is not in contradiction to the aims of research and generally accepted scientific standards.
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