| 1. |
- Britz, Malena, et al.
(författare)
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Sveriges återtåg till närområdet
- 2015
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Ingår i: Internasjonal Politikk. - Oslo : Universitetsforlaget. - 0020-577X .- 1891-1757. ; 73:3, s. 423-431
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Between the eagle and the bear : Explaining the alignment strategies of the Nordic countries in the 21st century
- 2020
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Ingår i: Comparative Strategy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0149-5933 .- 1521-0448. ; 39:2, s. 191-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article shows that all four Nordic countries, i.e., Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, have adjusted their alignment strategies when responding to the changes in their external environment during the twenty-first century. Furthermore, our findings indicate a great diversity among the four states in their responses. All too often, security policy analyses cluster small states into allies and non-allies, respectively. However, this article suggests that alliance affiliation in isolation is not sufficient for explaining small states’ behavior and adjustments of their strategies. Occasionally, previous experiences of armed conflicts as well as perceptions of strategic exposure provide stronger explanatory power.
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| 4. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative Strategy – A New Framework for Analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comparative Strategy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0149-5933 .- 1521-0448. ; 42:1, s. 80-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scholars of Strategic Studies have seldom problematized the concept of military strategy beyond identifying the three elements constituting the phenomenon, that is ends, means and ways. Moreover, we see a need for contextualizing the presumably universal conceptualization of military strategy. This article contributes to previous research by operationalize each of the three elements one-step further, thereby introducing an analytical framework for systematic comparisons of states’ different priorities regarding military strategy. Additionally, in order to explain these different priorities, the proposed analytical framework introduces tools related to both relative power and position in the international system, and to regional systems and unit-level characteristics. The usefulness of the analytical framework is illustrated by a summary of some of our findings from a research project on comparative strategy including more than 30 states.
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| 5. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Enighetens gränser : Konsensus eller konfrontation vid utformningen av den svenska försvarspolitiken?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - 0039-0747. ; 125:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The limits of unity: Consensus or confrontation in shaping Swedish defence policyHow encompassing is the consensus among the political parties represented in the Swedish parliament when it comes to the military threat from Russia, the relations with NATO and the design of the Swedish Armed Forces? This article aims at answering this question by exploring the Swedish defence policy from the Russian war against Georgia in 2008 to the ongoing war in Ukraine. Our results indicate that the consensus among the parties increases with the escalation of the tensions in the international relations. Hence, we disagree with some results of previous research on Swedish security politics. We conclude that the tipping point regarding the Swedish application for NATO-membership was the existential dimension of the current Russian aggression. When the internal efforts to defend Sweden against a potential Russian attack was perceived not being enough, applying for membership was considered a necessity, not an option, among a majority of the parties.
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| 6. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Military Strategies of the New European Allies : A Comparative Study
- 2022
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book analyses how and to what extent ex-communist states have adjusted their defence strategies since joining the EU and NATO, and how differences and similarities between their strategies can be explained.Between 1999 and 2013, four phases of enlargement took place when the European Union (EU) and NATO allowed 11 new former communist states to enter both organisations. These states share some common attributes and experiences related to strategic culture and common experiences during the Cold War era that can potentially explain similarities in behaviour and preferences among them. However, the strategic adjustments among these states are far from uniform. In an effort to explain these differences, the book introduces three intervening variables: (1) differences in relative power and position in the international system, (2) national geographical characteristics; and (3) historical experiences related to formative periods of state-building processes as well as wars and armed conflicts. Empirically, the book strives to present and analyse the defence strategies of each of the new allies by conducting a structured focused comparison of official strategic documents from the twenty-first century for each of the 11 cases. Theoretically and methodologically, it introduces an analytical framework enabling us to explain both similarities and differences in the formulation of the strategies of the 11 states, and to shed light on their external and internal efforts to promote their strategic interest by operationalising the dependent variable - defence strategy. The analytical framework combines elements of structural realism with classical realism, and constructivist research on unit-level characteristics related to relative power and perceptions of strategic exposure.This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, European Union policy, NATO and International Relations in general.
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| 7. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Military Strategy of Great Powers : Managing Power Asymmetry and Structural Change in the 21st Century
- 2022
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book explores the military strategies of the five system-determining great powers during the twenty-first century.The book’s point of departure is that analyses of countries’ defence strategies should acknowledge that states come in various shapes and sizes and that their strategic choices are affected by their perceptions of their position in the international system and by power asymmetries between more and less resourceful states. This creates diversity in strategies that is often overlooked in theoretically oriented analyses. The book examines how five major powers – the United States, China, the United Kingdom, France and Russia – have adjusted their strategies to improve or maintain their relative position and to manage power asymmetries during the twenty-first century. It also develops and applies an analytical framework for exploring and categorising the strategies pursued by the five major powers which combine elements of structural realism with research on power transition theory and status competition. The concluding chapter addresses questions related to stability and change in the present international system.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Military strategy of small states : Responding to External Shocks of the 21st Century
- 2019
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using primary sources from four Nordic countries, (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden), this volume explores how small states have adjusted their military strategies in response to external shocks of the 21st century. The 9/11 terrorist attacks, the Russian interventions in Georgia and Ukraine, and the rise of the Islamic State have all forced the Nordic states to adopt new strategies. While the responses have not been uniform, their differing relations to the EU and NATO have not prevented these countries from behaving similarly in military affairs. Limitations in military capacity has led all four countries to pursue strategies that include cooperation with more resourceful partners. It is necessary for them to cooperate with others to protect and promote their national interests. Moreover, the Nordic cosmopolitan outlook expresses milieu-shaping ambitions that we generally would not expect small states to pursue against a potential great power aggressor.This book will be of much interest to students of military strategy, defense studies, security studies, and international relations.
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| 10. |
- Edström, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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READY OR NOT? Explaining military strategic diversity among NATOs new European allies
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. - 1351-8046 .- 1556-3006. ; 36:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the defense transformation processes during the two initial decades of the twenty-first century among the 11 former communist states that currently are members of both the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The article introduces an analytical framework for systematic comparisons of states’ priorities regarding military strategy. Moreover, the article evaluates the influence of two intervening variables: (i) differences in relative power between middle powers and small states and (ii) differences in geographical exposure. Our findings suggest that differences related to these intervening variables correlate with differences in prioritized strategic ends, means, and ways.
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