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- Erikson, Marja, 1968-
(författare)
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Krediter i lust och nöd : Skattebönder i Torstuna härad, Västmanlands län, 1770‒1870
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis analyses the role of loans and credit for Swedish freeholders (skattebönder) from 1770 to 1870. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of credit for investments to improve agricultural operations, acquire land and respond to rural crises from the household perspective. Three parishes in Mälardalen form the area under investigation. Probate inventories after freeholders together with title deeds and mortgages are the most important source material of the study.The study shows that the way freeholders used credit changed in connection to changing institutional circumstances and shifting rural economic conditions. At the end of the eighteenth century, freeholders’ farming was profitable. The households generally had rather small debts during this period and credits were primarily used for daily transactions. Agriculture expanded in the district until 1815, but this expansion was followed by weaker growth with declining profitability for the freeholders up until around 1850. From 1815, the credit market changed as the Swedish National Bank started to offer beneficial loans. The debts held by freeholders grew rapidly from the 1810s up until about 1850. It is in the thesis shown that the rising indebtedness was caused by both a greater need for capital and by a change in the supply of credit. Land prices increased during the good years and remained at a high level. The households on average made larger land acquisitions than before, which required more capital. Declining profitability in agriculture and crop failures meant that credits were needed to cover income losses and to maintain a material standard. Finally, the availability of preferential bank credits made the freeholders borrowing more. The loans from the National Bank could be seen as a substitute for the limited opportunities to reclaim land in the district. With new loans, households could acquire more land, which was the only way to increase the households' income. However, this with necessity resulted in a continuous reduction of the number of landowners. This process was accentuated in the 1820s and 1840s, when a series of bankruptcies occurred among the landowning farmers.
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| 2. |
- Germovsek, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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A Time-to-Event Model Relating Integrated Craving to Risk of Smoking Relapse Across Different Nicotine Replacement Therapy Formulations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 109:2, s. 416-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smoking increases the risk of cancer and other diseases, causing an estimated 7 million deaths per year. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) reduces craving for smoking, therefore, increasing an individual's probability to remain abstinent. In this work, we for the first time quantitatively described the relationship between craving and smoking abstinence, using retrospectively collected data from 19 studies, including 3 NRT formulations (inhaler, mouth spray, and patch) and a combination of inhaler and patch. Smokers motivated to quit were included in the NRT or placebo arms. Integrated craving (i.e., craving over a period of time) was assessed with 4-category, 5-category, or 100-mm visual analogue scale. The bounded integer model was used to assess latent craving from all scales. A time-to-event model linked predicted integrated craving to the hazard of smoking relapse. Available data included 9,323 adult subjects, observed for 3 weeks up to 2 years. At the study end, 9% (11% for NRT and 5% for placebo), on average, remained abstinent according to the protocol definition. A Gompertz-Makeham hazard best described the data, with a hazard of smoking relapse decreasing over time. Latent integrated craving was positively related to the hazard of smoking relapse, through a sigmoidal maximum effect function. For the same craving, being on NRT was found to reduce the hazard of relapse by an additional 30% compared with placebo. This work confirmed that low craving is associated with a high probability of remaining smoking abstinent and that NRT, in addition to reducing craving, increases the probability of remaining smoking abstinent.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Germovsek, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Relating Nicotine Plasma Concentration to Momentary Craving Across Four Nicotine Replacement Therapy Formulations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : WILEY. - 0009-9236 .- 1532-6535. ; 107:1, s. 238-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tobacco use is a major health concern. To assist smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is used to reduce nicotine craving. We quantitatively described the relationship between nicotine pharmacokinetics (PKs) from NRTs and momentary craving, linking two different pharmacodynamic (PD) scales for measuring craving. The dataset comprised retrospective data from 17 clinical studies and included 1,077 adult smokers with 39,802 craving observations from four formulations: lozenge, gum, mouth spray, and patch. A PK/PD model was developed that linked individual predicted nicotine concentrations with the categorical and visual analogue PD scales through a joint bounded integer model. A maximum effect model, accounting for acute tolerance development, successfully related nicotine concentrations to momentary craving. Results showed that all formulations were similarly effective in reducing craving, albeit with a fourfold lower potency for the patch. Women were found to have a higher maximal effect of nicotine to reduce craving, compared with men.
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| 5. |
- Norberg, Anna-Maija
(författare)
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Undervisning och bedömning i svenska på högstadiet : Elever i årskurs 7 skriver saga och recension
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present study aims to investigate instruction and assessment in Swedish during two writing units, a fairytale and a book review, in lower secondary school, year seven. The research questions that guide the study deal with aspects such as what subject content appears to be important in the classroom instruction, how this content is highlighted, and what appears to be the purpose of the assessment. The answers to the research questions contribute in giving a description of the predominant writing discourse and they provide a basis for an overall comparison of what is emphasized in instruction and in assessment respectively, thus shedding light on the alignment between classroom instruction and assessment.Data were collected from multiple sources: video and audio recordings of twenty lessons, material based “observiews” (observations of the teacher while assessing students’ final texts aloud), assessment rubrics, and the teacher’s lesson materials.The classroom practice is explored as a literacy practice, based on the idea that reading and writing are always situated within specific social practices, and as an assessment practice, based on the idea that classroom assessment is an important part of the classroom atmosphere and helps students to form concepts of themselves as learners as well as of what is important to learn. In the data, literacy events and assessment events are analyzed through a framework of writing discourses. With the analytical focus on literacy events and assessment events, the study also contributes to the research field as to if and how these concepts are related.The main findings suggest that there is an overall agreement between instruction, formative assessment and summative assessment in the studied practice. However, a contradiction between tradition and change can be seen in assessment of texts. During the fairytale unit, a contradiction can be seen between a genre discourse and a creativity discourse. During the book review unit, a contradiction can be seen between a genre discourse and a skills discourse. Assessment events tend to occur in literacy events when important content comes up. Eleven assessment events have been identified according to the purpose they seem to have in relation to the subject contents and requested ways of knowing.
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| 6. |
- Paulin, Lotta, 1964-
(författare)
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Den didaktiska fiktionen : Konstruktion av förebilder ur ett barn- och ungdomslitterärt perspektiv 1400–1750
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the construction of role models, more specifically literary didactics and constructions of subject positions, in literary works with exemplary stories in Swedish 1400–1750, from the perspective of literature for children and young adults.Childhood concepts, didactic concepts and subject positions presented to the reader are analyzed from the point of view of dominance and dissonance between different characters and messages. A number of themes have been chosen for a comparative study, for example: ideas about identification, the construction of subject positions and ideals for girls, the responsibility of adults, subversive tendencies, obedience or autonomy, the immoral role model as exemplary, conflicts between different childhood concepts, adults and children as role models.A central conclusion is that there is variation when it comes to the subject positions that are constructed for children and young adults, mainly through role models. There are examples of authoritative teachings that demands the subordination and obedience of the reader/recipient, as well as encouragement of questioning and even contra conventional subject positions. One conclusion is that premodern literature for the young does not just have an authoritative tone towards the reader, but the texts also negotiates with the reader. The messages are not just about obedience and religious fidelity, but also about learning, questioning and personal, moral responsibility. A critical perspective on adults is encouraged through critizism of adults and exemplary role models. Subject positions for girls also vary in the texts. Some texts convey conventional, passive gender roles while others present active subject positions, where chastity, wisdom and manliness are presented as ideal virtues for girls.
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