| 1. |
- Dixon, Christopher J, et al.
(författare)
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Reciprocal Pleistocene origin and postglacial range formation of an allopolyploid and its sympatric ancestors (Androsace adfinis group, Primulaceae)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - : Academic Press. - 1055-7903 .- 1095-9513. ; 50:1, s. 74-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The biogeographic history of polyploids and their lower-ploid ancestors is an important feature to achieve a better understanding of polyploid evolution. This is exemplified here using the ecologically congruent members of the Androsace adfinis group (Primulaceae) endemic to the southwestern European Alps. Employing relative genome size, AFLP fingerprint and chloroplast sequence haplotype data, we show that Androsace brigantiaca is a recent (probably no more than 0.2 million years) allopolyploid derivative of the geographically close A adfinis and A puberula, which formed reciprocally in a comparatively restricted area in the southern Southwestern Alps. Bayesian admixture analysis-also of artificial additive AFLP profiles-shows that the nuclear genome of A. brigantiaca is significantly biased towards the puberula-genome irrespective of maternal parentage. Nevertheless, there is no evidence for genetic interaction (hybridization, introgression) of A brigantiaca with either of its ancestors, including the widely sympatric A. puberula. Sympatry might be facilitated by ecological displacement on a local scale or might be a transitory phase on the way to competitive replacement via, for instance, polyploid superiority.
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| 2. |
- Raymond, Christopher, et al.
(författare)
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Inclusive conservation and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework : Tensions and prospects
- 2022
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 5:3, s. 252-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The draft Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework commits to achievement of equity and justice outcomes and represents a “relational turn” in how we understand inclusive conservation. Although “inclusivity” is drawn on as a means to engage diverse stakeholders, widening the framing of inclusivity can create new tensions with regard to how to manage protected areas. We first offer a set of tensions that emerge in the light of the relational turn in biodiversity conservation. Drawing on global case examples applying multiple methods of inclusive conservation, we then demonstrate that, by actively engaging in the interdependent phases of recognizing hybridity, enabling conditions for reflexivity and partnership building, tensions can not only be acknowledged but softened and, in some cases, reframed when managing for biodiversity, equity, and justice goals. The results can improve stakeholder engagement in protected area management, ultimately supporting better implementation of global biodiversity targets.
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| 3. |
- Granath, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Physiological responses to nitrogen and sulphur addition and raised temperature in Sphagnum balticum
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - New York : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 161:3, s. 481-490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sphagnum, the main genus which forms boreal peat, is strongly affected by N and S deposition and raised temperature, but the physiological mechanisms behind the responses are largely unknown. We measured maximum photosynthetic rate (NPmax), maximum efficiency of photosystem II [variable fluorescence (F v)/maximum fluorescence yield (F m)] and concentrations of N, C, chlorophyll and carotenoids as responses to N and S addition and increased temperature in Sphagnum balticum (a widespread species in the northern peatlands) in a 12-year factorial experiment. NPmax did not differ between control (0.2 g N m−2 year−1) and high N (3.0 g N m−2 year−1), but was higher in the mid N treatment (1.5 g N m−2 year−1). N, C, carotenoids and chlorophyll concentration increased in shoot apices after N addition. F v/F m did not differ between N treatments. Increased temperature (+3.6°C) had a small negative effect on N concentration, but had no significant effect on NPmax or F v/F m. Addition of 2 g S m−2 year−1 showed a weak negative effect on NPmax and F v/F m. Our results suggest a unimodal response of NPmax to N addition and tissue N concentration in S. balticum, with an optimum N concentration for photosynthetic rate of ~13 mg N g−1. In conclusion, high S deposition may reduce photosynthetic capacity in Sphagnum, but the negative effects may be relaxed under high N availability. We suggest that previously reported negative effects on Sphagnum productivity under high N deposition are not related to negative effects on the photosynthetic apparatus, but differences in optimum N concentration among Sphagnum species may affect their competitive ability under different N deposition regimes.
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| 4. |
- Wiedermann, Magdalena M, et al.
(författare)
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Can small-scale experiments predict ecosystem responses? : An example from peatlands
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 118:3, s. 449-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oligotrophic, Sphagnum-dominated peatlands have been regarded as long-term stable ecosystems that function as carbon sinks. As a result of environmental perturbations, particularly anthropogenic N deposition, this view is now increasingly questioned. We examined whether small-scale field experiments can predict the direction and magnitude of ecosystem responses to increased N supply. We, therefore, compared data from a 10-year field experiment (involving deposition of 2, 15 and 30 kg N ha-1 year-1) with data from a gradient associated with increased N deposition (2, 8 and 12 kg N ha -1 year-1). We chose to compare: (1) the physiological response of Sphagnum balticum, measured in the form of N accumulation as free amino acids (NAA); and (2) changes in the total Sphagnum cover, the cover of S. balticum, and vascular plant cover. In all cases we found a highly significant correlation between the two data sets. We attribute the high correspondence between the two data sets to the key function of the dominant group of organisms, the Sphagna, that monopolize N availability and control the water balance, creating an environment hostile to vascular plants. Thus the key role of Sphagna as ecosystem engineers seems to supersede the role of other, scale-dependent processes. We also conclude that NAA is a sensitive indicator that can be used to signal the slow and gradual shift from Sphagnum to vascular plant dominance.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Wiedermann, Magdalena M, et al.
(författare)
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Ecophysiological adjustment of two Sphagnum species in response to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition
- 2009
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 181:1, s. 208-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, it was investigated whether Sphagnum species have adjusted their nitrogen (N) uptake in response to the anthropogenic N deposition that has drastically altered N-limited ecosystems, including peatlands, worldwide.A lawn species, Sphagnum balticum, and a hummock species, Sphagnum fuscum, were collected from three peatlands along a gradient of N deposition (2, 8 and 12 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) The mosses were subjected to solutions containing a mixture of four N forms. In each solution one of these N forms was labeled with N-15 (namely (NH4+)-N-15 (NO3-)-N-15 and the amino acids [N-15] alanine (Ala) and [N-15] glutamic acid (Glu)).It was found that for both species most of the N taken up was from, followed by Ala, Glu, and very small amounts from. At the highest N deposition site N uptake was reduced, but this did not prevent N accumulation as free amino acids in the Sphagnum tissues.The reduced N uptake may have been genetically selected for under the relatively short period with elevated N exposure from anthropogenic sources, or may have been the result of plasticity in the Sphagnum physiological response. The negligible Sphagnum NO3- uptake may make any NO3- deposited readily available to co- occurring vascular plants.
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| 7. |
- Wiedermann, Magdalena M., et al.
(författare)
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Global change shifts vegetation and plant-parasite interactions in a boreal mire
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 88:2, s. 454-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to detect vegetation change and to examine trophic interactions in a Sphagnum-dominated mire in response to raised temperature and nitrogen (N) addition. A long-term global-change experiment was established in 1995, with monthly additions of N ( 30 kg.ha(-1).yr(-1)) and sulfur (20 kg.ha(-1)yr(-1)) during the vegetation period. Mean air temperature was raised by 3.6 degrees C with warming chambers. Vegetation responses were negligible for all treatments for the first four years, and no sulfur effect was seen during the course of the experiment. However, after eight years of continuous treatments, the closed Sphagnum carpet was drastically reduced from 100% in 1995 down to 41%, averaged over all N-treated plots. Over the same period, total vascular plant cover ( of the graminoid Eriophorum vaginatum and the two dwarf-shrubs Andromeda polifolia and Vaccinium oxycoccos) increased from 24% to an average of 70% in the N plots. Nitrogen addition caused leaf N concentrations to rise in the two dwarf-shrubs, while for E. vaginatum, leaf N remained unchanged, indicating that the graminoid to a larger extent than the dwarf-shrubs allocated supplemented N to growth. Concurrent with foliar N accumulation of the two dwarf-shrubs, we observed increased disease incidences caused by parasitic fungi, with three species out of 16 showing a significant increase. Warming caused a significant decrease in occurrence of three parasitic fungal species. In general, decreased disease incidences were found in temperature treatments for A. polifolia and in plots without N addition for V. oxycoccos. The study demonstrates that both bryophytes and vascular plants at boreal mires, only receiving background levels of nitrogen of about 2 kg.ha(-1)yr(-1), exhibit a time lag of more than five years in response to nitrogen and temperature rise, emphasizing the need for long-term experiments. Moreover, it shows that trophic interactions are likely to differ markedly in response to climate change and increased N deposition, and that these interactions might play an important role in controlling the change in mire vegetation composition, with implications for both carbon sequestration and methane emission.
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