| 1. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(författare)
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- 2020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Addo, Rebecka N., et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory Functions in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2017
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Ingår i: Perception. - : SAGE Publications. - 0301-0066 .- 1468-4233. ; 46:3-4, s. 530-537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often characterized by atypical sensory behavior (hyperor hyporeactivity) although evidence is scarce regarding olfactory abilities in ASD; 16 adults with high-functioning ASD (mean age: 38.2, SD: 9.7) and 14 healthy control subjects (mean age: 42.0 years, SD: 12.5) were assessed in odor threshold, free and cued odor identification, and perceived pleasantness, intensity, and edibility of everyday odors. Although results showed no differences between groups, the Bayes Factors (close to 1) suggested that the evidence for no group differences on the threshold and identification tests was inconclusive. In contrast, there was some evidence for no group differences on perceived edibility (BF01 = 2.69) and perceived intensity (BF01 = 2.80). These results do not provide conclusive evidence for or against differences between ASD and healthy controls on olfactory abilities. However, they suggest that there are no apparent group differences in subjective ratings of odors.
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| 4. |
- Alvarsson, Jesper J.
(författare)
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Perspectives on wanted and unwanted sounds in outdoor environments : Studies of masking, stress recovery, and speech intelligibility
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An acoustic environment contains sounds from various sound sources, some generally perceived as wanted, others as unwanted. This thesis examines the effects of wanted and unwanted sounds in acoustic environments, with regard to masking, stress recovery, and speech intelligibility.In urban settings, masking of unwanted sounds by sounds from water structures has been suggested as a way to improve the acoustic environment. However, Study I showed that the unwanted (road traffic) sound was better at masking the wanted (water) sound than vice versa, thus indicating that masking of unwanted sounds with sounds from water structures may prove difficult. Also, predictions by a partial loudness model of the auditory periphery overestimated the effect of masking, indicating that centrally located informational masking processes contribute to the effect. Some environments have also been shown to impair stress recovery; however studies using only auditory stimuli is lacking. Study II showed that a wanted (nature) sound improve stress recovery compared to unwanted (road traffic, ambient) sounds. This suggests that the acoustic environment influences stress recovery and that wanted sounds may facilitate stress recovery compared to unwanted sounds. An additional effect of unwanted sounds is impeded speech communication, commonly measured with speech intelligibility models. Study III showed that speech intelligibility starts to be negatively affected when the unwanted (aircraft sound) masker have equal or higher sound pressure level as the speech sound. Three models of speech intelligibility (speech intelligibility index, partial loudness and signal–to–noise ratio) predicted this effect well, with a slight disadvantage for the signal–to–noise ratio model. Together, Study I and III suggests that the partial loudness model is useful for determining effects of wanted and unwanted sounds in outdoor acoustic environments where variations in sound pressure level are large. But, in environments with large variations in other sound characteristics, models containing predictions of central processes would likely produce better results.The thesis concludes that wanted and unwanted characteristics of sounds in acoustic environments affect masking, stress recovery, and speech intelligibility, and that auditory perception models can predict these effects.
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| 5. |
- Alvarsson, Jesper J., et al.
(författare)
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Stress Recovery during Exposure to Nature Sound and Environmental Noise
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - Basel, Schweiz : MDPI Publishing. - 1660-4601 .- 1661-7827. ; 7:3, s. 1036-1046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research suggests that visual impressions of natural compared with urban environments facilitate recovery after psychological stress. To test whether auditory stimulation has similar effects, 40 subjects were exposed to sounds from nature or noisy environments after a stressful mental arithmetic task. Skin conductance level (SCL) was used to index sympathetic activation, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV) was used to index parasympathetic activation. Although HF HRV showed no effects, SCL recovery tended to be faster during natural sound than noisy environments. These results suggest that nature sounds facilitate recovery from sympathetic activation after a psychological stressor.
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| 6. |
- Anders, Silke, et al.
(författare)
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When seeing outweighs feeling : a role for prefrontal cortex in passive control of negative affect in blindsight
- 2009
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Ingår i: Brain. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 0006-8950 .- 1460-2156. ; 132:11, s. 3021-3031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Affective neuroscience has been strongly influenced by the viewthat a ‘feeling’ is the perception of somatic changesand has consequently often neglected the neural mechanisms thatunderlie the integration of somatic and other information inaffective experience. Here, we investigate affective processingby means of functional magnetic resonance imaging in nine corticallyblind patients. In these patients, unilateral postgeniculatelesions prevent primary cortical visual processing in part ofthe visual field which, as a result, becomes subjectively blind.Residual subcortical processing of visual information, however,is assumed to occur in the entire visual field. As we have reportedearlier, these patients show significant startle reflex potentiationwhen a threat-related visual stimulus is shown in their blindvisual field. Critically, this was associated with an increaseof brain activity in somatosensory-related areas, and an increasein experienced negative affect. Here, we investigated the patients’response when the visual stimulus was shown in the sighted visualfield, that is, when it was visible and cortically processed.Despite the fact that startle reflex potentiation was similarin the blind and sighted visual field, patients reported significantlyless negative affect during stimulation of the sighted visualfield. In other words, when the visual stimulus was visibleand received full cortical processing, the patients’ phenomenalexperience of affect did not closely reflect somatic changes.This decoupling of phenomenal affective experience and somaticchanges was associated with an increase of activity in the leftventrolateral prefrontal cortex and a decrease of affect-relatedsomatosensory activity. Moreover, patients who showed strongerleft ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activity tended to showa stronger decrease of affect-related somatosensory activity.Our findings show that similar affective somatic changes canbe associated with different phenomenal experiences of affect,depending on the depth of cortical processing. They are in linewith a model in which the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortexis a relay station that integrates information about subcorticallytriggered somatic responses and information resulting from in-depthcortical stimulus processing. Tentatively, we suggest that theobserved decoupling of somatic responses and experienced affect,and the reduction of negative phenomenal experience, can beexplained by a left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex-mediatedinhibition of affect-related somatosensory activity.
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| 7. |
- Cosme, Danielle, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity : A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a form of attention, mindfulness is qualitatively receptive and non-reactive, and is thought to facilitate adaptive emotional responding. One suggested mechanism is that mindfulness facilitates disengagement from an affective stimulus and thereby decreases affective reactivity. However, mindfulness has been conceptualized as a state, intervention, and trait. Because evidence is mixed as to whether self-reported trait mindfulness decreases affective reactivity, we used a multi-method approach to study the relationship between individual differences in self-reported trait mindfulness and electrocortical, electrodermal, electromyographic, and self-reported responses to emotional pictures. Specifically, while participants (N = 51) passively viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant IAPS pictures, we recorded high-density (128 channels) electrocortical, electrodermal, and electromyographic data to the pictures as well as to acoustic startle probes presented during the pictures. Afterwards, participants rated their subjective valence and arousal while viewing the pictures again. If trait mindfulness spontaneously reduces general emotional reactivity, then for individuals reporting high rather than low-mindfulness, response differences between emotional and neutral pictures would show relatively decreased early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes, decreased skin conductance responses, and decreased subjective ratings for valence and arousal. High mindfulness would also be associated with decreased emotional modulation of startle eyeblink and P3 amplitudes. Although results showed clear effects of emotion on the dependent measures, in general, mindfulness did not moderate these effects. For most measures, effect sizes were small with rather narrow confidence intervals. These data do not support the hypothesis that individual differences in self-reported trait mindfulness are related to spontaneous emotional responses during picture viewing.
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| 8. |
- Critchley, Hugo D, et al.
(författare)
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Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nat Neurosci. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1097-6256 .- 1546-1726. ; 7:2, s. 189-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Influential theories of human emotion argue that subjective feeling states involve representation of bodily responses elicited by emotional events. Within this framework, individual differences in intensity of emotional experience reflect variation in sensitivity to internal bodily responses. We measured regional brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an interoceptive task wherein subjects judged the timing of their own heartbeats. We observed enhanced activity in insula, somatomotor and cingulate cortices. In right anterior insular/opercular cortex, neural activity predicted subjects' accuracy in the heartbeat detection task. Furthermore, local gray matter volume in the same region correlated with both interoceptive accuracy and subjective ratings of visceral awareness. Indices of negative emotional experience correlated with interoceptive accuracy across subjects. These findings indicate that right anterior insula supports a representation of visceral responses accessible to awareness, providing a substrate for subjective feeling states.
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory awareness negativity is an electrophysiological correlate of awareness in an auditory threshold task
- 2019
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Ingår i: Consciousness and Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8100 .- 1090-2376. ; 71, s. 70-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One theory of visual awareness proposes that electrophysiological activity related to awareness occurs in primary visual areas approximately 200 ms after stimulus onset (visual awareness negativity: VAN) and in fronto-parietal areas about 300 ms after stimulus onset (late positivity: LP). Although similar processes might be involved in auditory awareness, only sparse evidence exists for this idea. In the present study, we recorded electrophysiological activity while subjects listened to tones that were presented at their own awareness threshold. The difference in electrophysiological activity elicited by tones that subjects reported being aware of versus unaware of showed an early negativity about 200 ms and a late positivity about 300 ms after stimulus onset. These results closely match those found in vision and provide convincing evidence for an early negativity (auditory awareness negativity: AAN), as well as an LP. These findings suggest that theories of visual awareness are also applicable to auditory awareness.
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of a Manual Response Requirement on Early and Late Correlates of Auditory Awareness
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In hearing, two neural correlates of awareness are the auditory awareness negativity (AAN) and the late positivity (LP). These correlates of auditory awareness are typically observed with tasks in which subjects are required to report their awareness with manual responses. Thus, the correlates may be confounded by this manual response requirement. We manipulated the response requirement in a tone detection task (N = 52). Tones were presented at each subject’s individual awareness threshold while high-density electroencephalography (EEG) activity was recorded. In one response condition, subjects pushed a button if they were aware of the tone and withheld responding if they were unaware of the tone. In the other condition, subjects pushed a button if they were unaware of the tone and withheld responding if they were aware of the tone. To capture AAN and LP, difference waves were computed between aware and unaware trials, separately for trials in which responses were required and trials in which responses were not required. Results suggest that AAN and LP are unaffected by the response requirement. These findings imply that in hearing, early and late correlates of awareness are not confounded by a manual response requirement. Furthermore, the results suggest that AAN originates from bilateral auditory cortices, supporting the view that AAN is a neural correlate of localized recurrent processing in early sensory areas.
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