| 1. |
- Perez-Osorio, Jairo, et al.
(författare)
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Gaze following is modulated by expectations regarding others' action goals
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans attend to social cues in order to understand and predict others' behavior. Facial expressions and gaze direction provide valuable information to infer others' mental states and intentions. The present study examined the mechanism of gaze following in the context of participants' expectations about successive action steps of an observed actor. We embedded a gaze-cueing manipulation within an action scenario consisting of a sequence of naturalistic photographs. Gaze-induced orienting of attention (gaze following) was analyzed with respect to whether the gaze behavior of the observed actor was in line or not with the action-related expectations of participants (i.e., whether the actor gazed at an object that was congruent or incongruent with an overarching action goal). In Experiment 1, participants followed the gaze of the observed agent, though the gaze-cueing effect was larger when the actor looked at an action-congruent object relative to an incongruent object. Experiment 2 examined whether the pattern of effects observed in Experiment 1 was due to covert, rather than overt, attentional orienting, by requiring participants to maintain eye fixation throughout the sequence of critical photographs (corroborated by monitoring eye movements). The essential pattern of results of Experiment 1 was replicated, with the gazecueing effect being completely eliminated when the observed agent gazed at an actionincongruent object. Thus, our findings show that covert gaze following can be modulated by expectations that humans hold regarding successive steps of the action performed by an observed agent. © 2015 Perez-Osorio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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| 2. |
- Pfenninger, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Opening the black box of energy modelling : Strategies and lessons learned
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Strategy Reviews. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 2211-467X .- 2211-4688. ; 19, s. 63-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global energy system is undergoing a major transition, and in energy planning and decision-making across governments, industry and academia, models play a crucial role. Because of their policy relevance and contested nature, the transparency and open availability of energy models and data are of particular importance. Here we provide a practical how-to guide based on the collective experience of members of the Open Energy Modelling Initiative (Openmod). We discuss key steps to consider when opening code and data, including determining intellectual property ownership, choosing a licence and appropriate modelling languages, distributing code and data, and providing support and building communities. After illustrating these decisions with examples and lessons learned from the community, we conclude that even though individual researchers' choices are important, institutional changes are still also necessary for more openness and transparency in energy research.
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| 3. |
- Wiese, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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I See What You Mean : Attentional Selection Is Shaped by Ascribing Intentions to Others
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to understand and predict others' behavior is essential for successful interactions. When making predictions about what other humans will do, we treat them as intentional systems and adopt the intentional stance, i.e., refer to their mental states such as desires and intentions. In the present experiments, we investigated whether the mere belief that the observed agent is an intentional system influences basic social attention mechanisms. We presented pictures of a human and a robot face in a gaze cuing paradigm and manipulated the likelihood of adopting the intentional stance by instruction: in some conditions, participants were told that they were observing a human or a robot, in others, that they were observing a human-like mannequin or a robot whose eyes were controlled by a human. In conditions in which participants were made to believe they were observing human behavior (intentional stance likely) gaze cuing effects were significantly larger as compared to conditions when adopting the intentional stance was less likely. This effect was independent of whether a human or a robot face was presented. Therefore, we conclude that adopting the intentional stance when observing others' behavior fundamentally influences basic mechanisms of social attention. The present results provide striking evidence that high-level cognitive processes, such as beliefs, modulate bottom-up mechanisms of attentional selection in a top-down manner
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| 4. |
- Wiese, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Making eyes with robots : Readiness to engage in human-robot-interaction depends on the attribution of intentionality
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting. - : SAGE Publications. - 2169-5067. - 9780945289432 ; , s. 1174-1178
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most important aims of social robotics is to improve Human-Robot Interaction by providing robots with means to understand observed behavior and to predict upcoming actions of their in-teraction partners. The most reliable source for inferring the action goals of interaction partners is their gaze direction. Hence, to anticipate upcoming actions, it is necessary to identify where others are currently look-ing at and to shift the attentional focus to the same location. Interestingly, it has been shown that observing robot gaze direction also induces attentional shifts to the location that is gazed-at by the robot. Given this, gaze direction can be actively used by the robot to direct the attentional focus of interaction partners to im-portant events in the world. In this paper, we review findings from two studies indicating that the readiness to engage attentional resources in interactions with robots is modulated by the degree to which intentionality can be attributed to the robot: Robots believed to behave similar to humans cause stronger gaze-cueing effects than robots perceived as machines, independently of their physical appearance. Based on these find-ings, and on results from a pilot study with a sample of patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we derive guidelines for improving human-robot interaction by emulating social gaze behavior.
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| 5. |
- Wiese, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Using a gaze-cueing paradigm to examine social cognitive mechanisms of individuals with autism observing robot and human faces
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social robotics. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 370-379
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports a study in which we investigated whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more likely to follow gaze of a robot than of a human. By gaze following, we refer to one of the most fundamental mechanisms of social cognition, i.e., orienting attention to where others look. Individuals with ASD sometimes display reduced ability to follow gaze [1] or read out intentions from gaze direction [2]. However, as they are in general well responding to robots [3], we reasoned that they might be more likely to follow gaze of robots, relative to humans. We used a version of a gaze cueing paradigm [4, 5] and recruited 18 participants diagnosed with ASD. Participants were observing a human or a robot face and their task was to discriminate a target presented either at the side validly cued by the gaze of the human or robot; or at the opposite side. We observed typical validity effects: faster reaction times (RTs) to validly cued targets, relative to invalidly cued targets. However, and most importantly, the validity effect was larger and significant for the robot faces, as compared to the human faces, where the validity effect did not reach significance. This shows that individuals with ASD are more likely to follow gaze of robots, relative to humans, suggesting that the success of robots in involving individuals with ASD in interactions might be due to a very fundamental mechanism of social cognition. Our present results can also provide avenues for future training programs for individuals with ASD.
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| 6. |
- Wiese, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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What we observe is biased by what other people tell us : Beliefs about the reliability of gaze behavior modulate attentional orienting to gaze cues
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For effective social interactions with other people, information about the physical environment must be integrated with information about the interaction partner. In order to achieve this, processing of social information is guided by two components: a bottom-up mechanism reflexively triggered by stimulus-related information in the social scene and a topdown mechanism activated by task-related context information. In the present study, we investigated whether these components interact during attentional orienting to gaze direction. In particular, we examined whether the spatial specificity of gaze cueing is modulated by expectations about the reliability of gaze behavior. Expectations were either induced by instruction or could be derived from experience with displayed gaze behavior. Spatially specific cueing effects were observed with highly predictive gaze cues, but also when participants merely believed that actually non-predictive cues were highly predictive. Conversely, cueing effects for the whole gazed-at hemifield were observed with non-predictive gaze cues, and spatially specific cueing effects were attenuated when actually predictive gaze cues were believed to be non-predictive. This pattern indicates that (i) information about cue predictivity gained from sampling gaze behavior across social episodes can be incorporated in the attentional orienting to social cues, and that (ii) beliefs about gaze behavior modulate attentional orienting to gaze direction even when they contradict information available from social episodes.
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| 7. |
- Wykowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Beliefs about the minds of others influence how we process sensory information
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attending where others gaze is one of the most fundamental mechanisms of social cognition. The present study is the first to examine the impact of the attribution of mind to others on gaze-guided attentional orienting and its ERP correlates. Using a paradigm in which attention was guided to a location by the gaze of a centrally presented face, we manipulated participants' beliefs about the gazer: gaze behavior was believed to result either from operations of a mind or from a machine. In Experiment 1, beliefs were manipulated by cue identity (human or robot), while in Experiment 2, cue identity (robot) remained identical across conditions and beliefs were manipulated solely via instruction, which was irrelevant to the task. ERP results and behavior showed that participants' attention was guided by gaze only when gaze was believed to be controlled by a human. Specifically, the P1 was more enhanced for validly, relative to invalidly, cued targets only when participants believed the gaze behavior was the result of a mind, rather than of a machine. This shows that sensory gain control can be influenced by higher-order (task-irrelevant) beliefs about the observed scene. We propose a new interdisciplinary model of social attention, which integrates ideas from cognitive and social neuroscience, as well as philosophy in order to provide a framework for understanding a crucial aspect of how humans' beliefs about the observed scene influence sensory processing
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Özdem, Ceylan, et al.
(författare)
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Believing Androids? : fMRI activation in the right temporo-parietal junction is modulated by ascribing intentions to non-human agents
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Neuroscience. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1747-0919 .- 1747-0927. ; 12:5, s. 582-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attributing mind to interaction partners has been shown to increase the social relevance we ascribe to others’ actions and to modulate the amount of attention dedicated to them. However, it remains unclear how the relationship between higher-order mind attribution and lower-level attention processes is established in the brain. In this neuroimaging study, participants saw images of an anthropomorphic robot that moved its eyes left- or rightwards to signal the appearance of an upcoming stimulus in the same (valid cue) or opposite location (invalid cue). Independently, participants’ beliefs about the intentionality underlying the observed eye movements were manipulated by describing the eye movements as under human control or preprogrammed. As expected, we observed a validity effect behaviorally and neurologically (increased response times and activation in the invalid vs. valid condition). More importantly, we observed that this effect was more pronounced for the condition in which the robot’s behavior was believed to be controlled by a human, as opposed to be preprogrammed. This interaction effect between cue validity and belief was, however, only found at the neural level and was manifested as a significant increase of activation in bilateral anterior temporoparietal junction.
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