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- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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High-speed imaging of biomass particles heated with a laser
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2370 .- 1873-250X. ; 103, s. 278-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work two types of lignocellulosic biomass particles, European spruce and American hardwood (particle sizes from 100 μm to 500 μm) were pyrolysed with a continuous wave 2 W Nd:YAG laser. Simultaneously a high-speed camera was used to capture the behavior of the biomass particle as it was heated for about 0.1 s. Cover glasses were used as a sample holder which allowed for light microscope studies after the heating. Since the cover glasses are not initially heated by the laser, vapors from the biomass particle are quenched on the glass within about 1 particle diameter from the initial particle. Image processing was used to track the contour of the biomass particle and the enclosed area of the contour was calculated for each frame.The main observations are: There is a significant difference between how much surface energy is needed to pyrolyses the spruce (about 75% more) compared to the hardwood. The oil-like substance which appeared on the glass during the experiment is solid at room temperature and shows different levels of transparency. A fraction of this substance is water soluble. A brownish coat is seen on the unreacted biomass. The biomass showed insignificant swelling as it was heated. The biomass particle appears to melt and boil at the front that is formed between the laser beam and the biomass particle. The part of the particle that is not subjected to the laser beam seems to be unaffected.
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| 2. |
- Simonsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Soot Concentrations in an Atmospheric Entrained Flow Gasifier with Variations in Fuel and Burner Configuration Studied Using Diode-Laser Extinction Measurements
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 30:3, s. 2174-2186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soot concentration measurements were performed using diode-laser extinction in an atmospheric air-blown entrained flow gasifier at two vertical levels. The gasifier was operated at different air-fuel equivalence ratios and with variations in fuel and burner configurations. Two fuels were investigated: wood powder and peat powder. These were burned using two burner configurations, one giving a rotating flow inside the gasifier (swirl), and one where the fuel and air were injected parallel with the gasifier axis (jet). The diode-laser measurements were performed at the wavelength 808 nm from which the soot concentrations were estimated, and additionally at 450 nm in order to gain insight into the spectral dependence of the extinction to estimate measurement quality. Additional diagnostic techniques were used, such as an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) for soot size distributions and gas chromatography for species concentration measurements. The results show that wood powder produces higher soot concentrations than peat powder, especially at lower air-fuel equivalence ratios. Furthermore, the burner configuration had in general much less impact than the choice of fuel on the soot concentration.
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| 7. |
- Burström, Per E.C.
(författare)
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CFD-modelling of the SNCR process in iron ore grate-kiln plants
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- LKAB (Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB) is an international company that producesiron ore products for the steel industry; their main product is iron ore pellets.The aim with this research project is to numerically investigate if it is possible to use selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technologies in grate-kiln pelletizingplants for NOx reduction. The technique had, to the best knowledge of the author, never been used in this context before despite that it is commonly used in cement and waste incineration plants. The investigation is done in several stages: 1) Reveal if the technique is possible to use with the two most commonly reagents ammonia and urea. 2) Derive a chemistry model for cyanuric acid so that this reagent also can be scrutinized. 3) Compare the reagents urea and cyanuric acid in the grate-kiln pelletizing process.A CFD model of parts of the real grate was created and numerical simulations with the commercial code ANSYS CFX was carried out solving the flow field. A model for spray injection into the grate was then included in the model enabling a study of the overall mixing between the injected reagent droplets and the NOx polluted air. It is shown that the SNCR technique with ammonia does not work in the grate-kiln process. Urea on the other hand can be used under some conditions and also cyanuric acid. The results lay grounds for a continued development of the proposed chemistry model.
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| 8. |
- Bäckström, Daniel, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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On the use of alternative fuels in rotary kiln burners - An experimental and modelling study of the effect on the radiative heat transfer conditions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 138, s. 210-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract In this work, the radiative heat transfer conditions in a 400 kWfuel test furnace were studied. The test furnace is a scaled pilot of a rotary kiln furnace used in iron ore pellet production. In particular, the study focuses on the choice of fuel and the subsequent effect on temperature and radiative conditions in the flame. Several co-firing flames of coal and biomass were investigated and also other fuels such as heavy fuel oil and natural gas. The test furnace was used in the experiments, and radiative intensity was measured with a narrow angle radiometer. Detailed radiation modelling was performed using spectral models for gas and particle properties. The results show that all co-firing flames give a shorter radiating flame length. Based on the radiation modelling, it was also shown that the particle radiation dominates the heat transfer from the flames. Due to the high pre-heating temperature of the combustion air (1100°C), the flame temperatures were generally very high. The flame temperature in the natural gas flame was likely around 2000°C while the coal flame temperatures were estimated to 1500-1600°C. The two coals tested, having almost identical fuel specifications, resulted in a substantial difference in the radiation intensity emitted by the flame. This emphasizes the need of direct radiation measurements to evaluate fuel changes in industrial processes that are highly dependent on the heat transfer conditions.
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| 10. |
- Carlsson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison and validation of gas phase reaction schemes for black liquor gasification modeling
- 2008
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Ingår i: Conference Proceedings 2008 AiChE annual meeting.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pressurized Entrained-flow High Temperature Black Liquor Gasification (PEHT-BLG) is a potential substitute or complement to the recovery boiler traditionally used for the recovery of chemicals and energy in black liquor in the Kraft pulping process. Black liquor consists of roughly 30 % moisture, 35 % inorganic pulping chemicals and 35 % combustible material (i.e. lignin). The PEHT-BLG technology can give an increase in total energy efficiency of the mill and provide new products with high added value, such as green motor fuels. The main parts of the recovery unit in the process are; a slagging refractory lined entrained-flow gasification reactor, with a gas assisted burner nozzle producing small black liquor droplets, used for direct gasification of the black liquor at about 1000 °C to produce a ‘raw' syngas and a liquid smelt containing mainly Na2CO3 and Na2S; a quench cooler beneath the reactor where the product gas and smelt are separated and the smelt is dissolved in water forming green liquor; a counter current condenser (CCC) that cools the syngas and condenses water vapor and any volatile and tar species that may be present. The heat recovered from the gas condensation is used to generate low/medium pressure steam that can be used in the pulp and paper process. Furthermore, the chemicals in the green liquor are recovered as cooking chemicals in the downstream processing. Due to lack of demonstration of long term operation of the technology, a development (pilot) plant for PEHT-BLG (named DP-1) with a capacity of 20 tones dry solids/24h is in operation by the technology vendor Chemrec AB at the Energy Technology Centre in Piteå, Sweden. An important tool for reduction of the technical risk associated with scale up of new technology is a comprehensive CFD model for the PEHT-BLG reactor. The current model includes drying, pyrolysis, char gasification and smelt formation of black liquor droplets as well as a simplified gas phase reaction mechanism. The current model has been validated against the outlet gas composition after the Counter Current Condenser (CCC). The model predicted a CO / CO2 ratio that was approximately 50% higher compared to the measurements. However, it is possible that the well known water-gas shift reaction is active in the quench and this could explain that the experimentally determined gas composition after the CCC differs from the computational results at the outlet from the hot zone. Recently, in-situ measurements have been performed in the DP-1 reactor and a further validation of the model has been made possible. The measurements have been performed by sampling gas with a water-cooled suction probe from the lower part of the hot zone, followed by offline gas analyses. The present paper investigates the difference between the current CFD-model and a modified version with an additional CO + O2 reaction added to the simplified gas phase reaction scheme. The simulation results are compared against measurements obtained by the gas sampling probe in the DP-1 reactor. The results suggest that by implementing the additional CO + O2 reaction local flame temperature was increased significantly. However, the effect on volume average and outlet gas temperature was minimal.The results also showed that the CO + O2 reaction had very little effect on outlet gas composition when the reaction was implemented in the PEHT-BLG-CFD model
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