| 1. |
- Andersson, Karin, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Shipping and the Environment - Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book focuses on the interaction between shipping and the natural environment and how shipping can strive to become more sustainable. Readers are guided in marine environmental awareness, environmental regulations and abatement technologies to assist in decisions on strategy, policy and investments. You will get familiar with possible paths to improve environmental performance and, in the long term, to a sustainable shipping sector, based on an understanding of the sources and mechanisms of common impacts. You will also gain knowledge on emissions anddischarges from ships, prevention measures, environmental regulations, and methods and tools for environmental assessment. In addition, the book includes a chapter on thebackground to regulating pollution from ships. It is intended as a source of information for professionals connected to maritime activities as well as policy makers and interested public. It is also intended as a textbook in higher education academic programmes.
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| 2. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Improving environmental performance in shipping
- 2016
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Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 399-418
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book addresses the environmental issues related to shipping and the natural environment, including descriptions of and proposed solutions to the issues. Currently, challenges exist that must be addressed if shipping is to become sustainable and fulfil the zero vision of no harmful emissions to the environment. In this chapter, we evaluate the steps that have been taken (if any) to limit the various environmental issues and discuss possible steps to be taken to improve environmental performance. Furthermore, future challenges must also be addressed, e.g., the current trend of increasing ship operations in the Arctic. In general, three factors could be addressed in order to reach environmentally sustainable shipping: regulations, technical solutions, and increased environmental awareness. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016. All rights are reserved.
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| 3. |
- Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of discharges from Baltic Sea shipping
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ocean Science. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1812-0784 .- 1812-0792.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the new developments of the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) which enable the modelling of pollutant discharges to water from ships. These include nutrients from black/grey water discharges as well as from food waste. Further, the modelling of contaminants in ballast, black, grey and scrubber water, bilge discharges, and stern tube oil leaks are also described as well as releases of contaminants from antifouling paints.Each of the discharges is regulated by different sections of the IMO MARPOL convention, and emission patterns of different pollution releases vary significantly. The discharge patterns and total amounts for the year 2012 in the Baltic Sea area are reported and open-loop SOx scrubbing effluent was found to be the second-largest pollutant stream by volume. The scrubber discharges have increased significantly in recent years, and their environmental impacts need to be investigated in detail.
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| 4. |
- Lindgren, Fredrik, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropogenic noise
- 2016
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Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 229-235
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- All rights are reserved. Anthropogenic noise is an issue that originates both from ships and the infrastructure that supports them, i.e., ports. Noise pollution is a known issue that can affect both humans and marine organisms. Humans are affected when ports, which are often active throughout the day and night, are located near residential areas in a city. Marine organisms are affected when noise from various activities of the shipping industry is transferred into the water. Four main sources of anthropogenic noise are generally recognised: underwater explosions, seismic explorations with high-energy systems, active sonar systems and shipping. The primary concerns regarding organisms exposed to elevated levels of anthropogenic noise include permanent or temporary hearing loss, the masking of a desired signal, and behavioural changes in response to a sound. Noise generated in port areas can affect both the staff working at the port and the neighbouring areas. Several negative health effects of noise pollution have been identified, for example, hearing and cardio-vascular disturbances, increased blood pressure, annoyance and sleep disturbance.
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| 5. |
- Lindgren, Fredrik, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Discharges to the sea
- 2016
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Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 125-168
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, various environmental issues from the shipping industry which ends up in the oceans are described. Oil pollution, wastewater, antifouling paint, ballast water and litter are all described in detail. Various sources of oil pollution exist, ranging from large accidents to small continuous leakages from, e.g., propeller shaft bearings. The behaviour of oil when it enters the sea can differ, ultimately affecting the environment. Wastewater from ships is divided into sewage and grey water, and different regulations can affect their characteristics. Fouling on ship hulls affects the drag on the ship, which increases fuel consumption when maintaining a constant speed. The various antifouling paints used today to combat fouling are described herein, and a review of the environmental implications of using these paints is provided. Ballast water contains organisms that can become invasive if released into a new geographical area. Invasive species can entail costs on the order of millions of euros. Finally, litter is discussed in this chapter. Litter is deposited in the ocean via several sources and can affect organisms over long periods of time. Plastic causes the largest litter-related problem because it does not biodegrade; such material only becomes smaller, ultimately reaching a microplastic state. Henee, litter can affect organisms in different ways.
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| 6. |
- Mahmoudkhani, Maryam, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating two test methods used for characterizing leaching properties
- 2008
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 28:1, s. 133-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A standard leaching test method (EN 12457-3) was compared with a modified pHstat-column leaching test method with respect to leaching information obtained for aggregates composed of different alkaline solid wastes. In addition to a different experimental set-up, the major dissimilarity between the two test methods was the chemical equilibrium condition, i.e., in the first test the system approaches equilibrium while in the second test the system is far from equilibrium conditions. The leaching trends of sodium, calcium, chloride, sulfate and cadmium were studied. Results showed that these two test methods were comparable in respect to the total amount sodium and sulfate leached. It was also concluded that the two test methods provide different information for the constituents for which dissolution reaction is highly dependent on pH and other experimental conditions, e.g., flow rate. It was found that a batch test can be used in order to investigate the total amount leached, while a modified column-pHstat test generates more detailed results on leaching trends of some constituents.
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| 7. |
- Raudsepp, Urmas, et al.
(författare)
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Shipborne nutrient dynamics and impact on the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 671, s. 189-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Baltic Sea is a severely eutrophicated sea-area where intense shipping as an additional nutrient source is a potential contributor to changes in the ecosystem. The impact of the two most important shipborne nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, on the overall nutrient-phytoplankton-oxygen dynamics in the Baltic Sea was determined by using the coupled physical and biogeochemical model system General Estuarine Transport Model–Ecological Regional Ocean Model (GETM-ERGOM) in a cascade with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. We compared two nutrient scenarios in the Baltic Sea: with (SHIP) and without nutrient input from ships (NOSHIP). The model uses the combined nutrient input from shipping-related waste streams and atmospheric depositions originating from the ship emission and calculates the effect of excess nutrients on the overall biogeochemical cycle, primary production, detritus formation and nutrient flows. The shipping contribution is about 0.3% of the total phosphorus and 1.25–3.3% of the total nitrogen input to the Baltic Sea, but their impact to the different biogeochemical variables is up to 10%. Excess nitrogen entering the N-limited system of the Baltic Sea slightly alters certain pathways: cyanobacteria growth is compromised due to extra nitrogen available for other functional groups while the biomass of diatoms and especially flagellates increases due to the excess of the limiting nutrient. In terms of the Baltic Sea ecosystem functioning, continuous input of ship-borne nitrogen is compensated by steady decrease of nitrogen fixation and increase of denitrification, which results in stationary level of total nitrogen content in the water. Ship-borne phosphorus input results in a decrease of phosphate content in the water and increase of phosphorus binding to sediments. Oxygen content in the water decreases, but reaches stationary state eventually.
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| 8. |
- Steenari, Britt-Marie, 1953, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of Ash Sintering during Combustion of Agricultural Residues and the Effect of Additives
- 2009
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5029 .- 0887-0624. ; 23:11, s. 5655-5662
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the process of creating sustainable heat and power production systems it is important to find alternative, renewable fuels that are carbon dioxide neutral. Preferably these fuels Should be domestic, thus diminishing the need for transportation. One option could be to Use existing residues from local agriculture and food production. Development of combustion methods suitable for such residues is presently being pursued by a number of companies. Because many biomass fuels have compositions that makes them inclined to cause ash sintering problems and emissions of acid gases, there may be it need for the use of additives to decrease such problems. The aim of this work was to examine the ash characteristics of some agricultural crops and residues and to find mixtures of fuels and additives that can form the basis for production of fuel pellets with minimal problems. The work is focused on biomass fuel pellets for small-scale grate-fired combustors. Three additives (limestone powder, kaolin, and sodium bicarbonate) were investigated regarding their effects oil the ash melting behavior. The results Show that calcium carbonate and kaolin both serve as good additives to prevent the formation of slag. The best antislagging effect was achieved when both additives were used. Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a sulfur binding additive, but this cannot be recommended since it increases the slag formation considerably. The conclusion is that combustion of agricultural crops and residues may be hampered by problems such its slag formation and ash fouling. However, through the use of suitable additives, the ash sintering characteristics can be improved significantly. This means that agricultural residues can be competitive fuels on the energy market in the future.
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| 9. |
- Wilewska-Bien, Magda, 1977
(författare)
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Leaching, filtration and displacement washing in a treatment process for MSW combustion fly ash - laboratory scale and plant studies
- 2004
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Municipal Solid Waste combustion, as one of the waste management tools, starts to play an important role nowadays in heat and energy generation. However, MSW combustion leads to generation of other wastes - combustion residues, including ashes, which require a proper management. Thus, a lot of efforts have been directed towards minimization or elimination of negative impact on the environment when ash is land filled or utilized and thus different treatment options for fly ashes are presently being tested. This study is focused on testing a treatment method for cyclone ash from MSW combustion in Bubbling Fluidised Bed Boiler. The proposed method is based on effective leaching of the ash with water to release easily soluble salts, mainly NaCl and KCl, from the ash. The leaching step is followed by filtration and washing. The study was carried out in two stages: laboratory scale experiments and pilot plant scale experiments. The washing process tested under laboratory conditions consisted of the following steps: the cyclone ash and de-ionized water was mixed in a leaching reactor and after a specified residence time, the slurry was filtered and finally washed with de-ionized water in a filtration unit. The laboratory tests provided necessary data for continuation of the research in the pilot plant scale.The pilot plant consisted of a leaching unit, a filtration/washing unit, a storage tank and an ash bin. The whole washing process, except for the filtration step, was working in continuous mode. The findings from the research show that the proposed treatment process works very well for this type of ash. The leaching with water results in a relatively quick release of soluble salts from the ash. The ash/water slurry seemed to be a suitable material for mechanical separation in the filter unit, independently of the L/S slurry ratio applied. The mother liquor (leaching liquor) trapped in the filter cake can be washed out by displacement washing using a water volume twice is the volume of the mother liquor. Thus, an overall liquid to solid ratio at 1 seems to be reasonable low and still sufficient to reduce the leaching of soluble components from the washed ash. At this liquid to solid ratio the leaching liquor is still far from being saturated in respect to NaCl and KCl. The cyclone ash washed in the pilot plant passed two leaching tests (batch leaching test and the column test) that are proposed as European standard methods for the evaluation of particulate waste.
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| 10. |
- Wilewska-Bien, Magda, 1977
(författare)
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Management of ship-generated waste - illustrated from the Baltic Sea perspective
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Globally around one-third of food produced for human consumption is wasted or lost. Although the food waste issues on land are being widely discussed, the food waste generated on ships seems not to receive similar attention. The Baltic Sea suffers from elevated nutrient levels and has been, as the first region in the world, designated special area under MARPOL Annex IV where discharges of sewage from passenger ships are prohibited. The food waste and grey water are not included in the coming regulations. The annual contribution of nutrients from ship generated food waste is about 182 tonnes N and 34 tonnes P, which is 2-3 times lower than nutrient contribution from ship-generated sewage. Nitrogen and phosphorous in the waste discharged from the ships are low compared to the total load of nutrients that enter the Baltic Sea. The phosphorus discharged with the waste is of interest in analysing the impact on cyanobacteria growth. It has been calculated, for areas with high cruise ship traffic that the phosphorus load in close vicinity of the ship is comparable to the load of phosphorus from the air deposition. The calculated P load is however most likely very temporary due to the ship and water movements. The waste generated on board ships operating in the Baltic Sea contain phosphorous estimated to be 100 tonnes annually and in the light of expected global phosphorus scarcity there is potential to recover this element. Therefore, it is preferable to encourage ships to dispose the waste ashore, where it can be processed further to recycle the phosphorus. In the processing of wastes, it is important to consider also the rest-products and their further fate. Combustion of solid waste generates ash streams that need to be disposed. The suggested washing process helps to reduce leaching of soluble salts from the cyclone ash from municipal solid waste. Antimony however was mobilized by the ash treatment and this should issue be monitored. In this work a sustainable solution for the ship-generated food waste in the region is based on three pillars: the food waste should be (1)separated from other waste streams, (2) it should be measured and (3) constantly reduced. The food waste preferably should be disposed onshore in a well-working cooperation between actors from ship and land, where it further is managed to recover energy and valuable constituents. However, the pathways towards this scenario vary according to the individual ships and their unique characteristics and the ship operators may use tools from technology, economy, management and regulations areas. The solutions used on land can be also applied in shipping, but with modification to fit the maritime environment.
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