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- Lövbrand, Eva, 1973-
(författare)
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Greening Earth? : Science, Politics and Land Use in the Kyoto Negotiations
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Can a deliberate enhancement of the natural uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide in forests and agricultural lands contribute to global efforts to mitigate anthropogenic climate change? This is a question that has generated a great deal of debate and controversy since the inception of the multilateral climate negotiations in the early 1990s. This thesis offers an analysis of how this debate has played out in the negotiations on the land-use change and forestry activities in the Kyoto Protocol. The overall aim of the thesis is to understand how the practices and findings of carbon cycle science are tied to international climate politics and the making of carbon sink policies. Inspired by social constructivist science studies, the analysis moves beyond conventional representations of science and policy as two distinctly separated domains and furthers an understanding of their mutually constitutive or co-produced nature. Hence, this thesis examines how scientific findings on terrestrial carbon uptake are tied to the socio-political context that gives them purpose and meaning. One central conclusion from this study is that the widespread use of scientific findings in the Kyoto negotiations on terrestrial carbon sinks has fuelled rather than reduced the values conflicts in international climate politics. Uncertain and complex scientific findings have been used to legitimise different, and often competing, policy agendas and carbon cycle expertise has hereby both functioned as a source of authority and contestation. Accordingly, the land-use change and forestry activities in the Kyoto Protocol can be interpreted as the product of a hybrid science-policy interplay where facts are intimately linked to values, and authoritative expertise is tied to the exercise of power. A second conclusion from this study is that the political demand for usable knowledge during the Kyoto negotiations challenges a strict demarcation between 'pure' and policy-relevant climate science. By shaping the choice of research questions and methods used in the field of carbon cycle science, the global politics of carbon sinks has tied a seemingly independent realm of science to that of policy-making. Finally, this thesis examines the implications of the discourses and nature concepts produced in the interplay between science, policy and politics in the Kyoto negotiations on sinks. The analysis moves beyond the notion of land use change and forestry activities as an avenue for greener climate policy, and offers a critique of the scientisation and commodification of nature enabled by the Kyoto Protocol's reporting system for changes in 'national' carbon pools and its global trade in carbon credits.
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- Reinap, Ausra, 1973-
(författare)
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Aerosol deposition to coastal forests: a wind tunnel approach
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for efficient air/ canopy exchange of mass, heat and momentum. In that context, the effects of forest edges come into focus, and therefore, coastal-zone forests constitute aparticular concern. Aerosol-sink modelling is of importance to the global-scalecontext, because sink strengths influence the concentration of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, and that concentration, in turn, influences climate. Dry deposition models are insufficient due to a lack of semi-empirical data and because of difficulties in parameterization of the efficiency (E) with which leaves capture aerosols. Quantifications of such parameters promote possibilities for modelling aerosol-sink processes within various canopy layers. This thesis focuses on studies of sea-salt aerosol dry deposition within models of oak canopies exposed to artificially generated aerosols in a wind tunnel. The overall goal is to advance the understanding of deposition processes in forest ecosystems. Aims are to determine capture efficiencies and deposition velocities (Vd) for oak (Quercus robur L.), to investigate E and Vd dependence on aerosol particle size, wind velocity and vegetation structural elements such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), to explore edge effects on deposition, to relate my results to natural situations in the field, and to address modelling applications. This thesis is a result of five studies. The first study is based on developing awind tunnel approach with a main focus on establishing reference conditions.The next step is to quantify E and provide estimates of how E, with respect toa well defined mass-vs-particle-size distribution, varies with wind speed. To that end, a special wash-off technique is developed. Finally, edge effects ondeposition processes are investigated. Results demonstrate that forest ecosystems would experience substantially increased deposition at edges. The findings suggest that field measurements of deposition in the interior of a forest “island” in an otherwise open landscape would underestimate the deposition to the entire forest. Results clearly indicate needs for further research on the effects of LAI on capture efficiency and deposition velocity. The obtained capture efficiencies can be translated into deposition velocities for trees with a specific leaf area. An increase of Vd with increasing wind speed is found, and is consistent with other studies. Results confirm advantages of the wind tunnel approach, including its ability to enable experiments under controlled conditions. However, several problems require that explicit sub-models be developed of wind-speed dependent effects on leaf posture in the aerosol flow field and that gradients in relative humidity close to leaf surfaces need further attention. The results also propose needs for a range of further experimental investigations regarding aerosol deposition across the complete sea-to-land aerodynamic transition.
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- Öberg, Tomas
(författare)
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Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Environment : A Chemometric Approach to the Study of Halogenated Aromatics
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Concern is growing about the environmental and health effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), many of which are halogenated aromatic compunds. The research reported in this thesis focuses on factors determining their behaviour and release into the environment. The aims have been to relate molecular features with physical and chemical properties and to interpret casual relationships, with the common methodological approach of chemometrics.Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) were investigated for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). QSPR models were developed from computationally derived descriptors using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The results show that it is possible to model and predict properties such as vapour pressure almost to the limit of the experimental error. The models obtained could be applied both to validate available experimental data and extend the current database of experimental determinations.The distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sewage sludge were investigated using exploratory data analysis (EDA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and biphenyls (PBB) agreed well with another investigation reported recently, but for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) there was a divergence, possible due to the analytical methodology. The variation among wastewater treatment plants was statistically significant, and three distinct types of technical products were shown to contribute.The formation and release of chlorinated aromatics was investigated in an industrial afterburner with a series of statistically design experiments. Th effect of temperature was studied with some detail and the results indicate different decomposition pathways for hydrocarbons and chlorinated aromatics. Additional factors were studied in a multifactor experiment, with a full factorial design in two blocks. Catalytic lowtemperature formation and chlorine input were both statistically highly significant factors. Polychlorinated dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) showed a statistically significant correlation to chlorinated benzenes, and the results could thus be described and interpreted within a simple conceptual model. The efficiency of the final oxidation, the chlorine input and the presence of a catalyst (e.g. copper) control the thermal formation of the different groups of chlorinated aromatics.The reported investigations show that empirical 'soft' models can provide insight and understanding of complex chemical properties and reactions. Latent variable models and Taylor polynomials were able to approximate the behaviour of these systems within the investigated boundaries. The chemometric models and methods are thus likely to find use also in other areas of environmental science where theoretical understanding is still limited.
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- Alfredsson, Bo, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Planning in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Reshaping Regional Planning: A Northern Perspective. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 9781315184135 ; , s. 15-21
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In principle, there is a municipal planning monopoly in Sweden, and the planning system is therefore basically designed for the municipalities. All municipalities must have a comprehensive plan that covers their entire area of responsibility. Although the plan is not binding, it must be kept up to date. The detailed development plan is a legally binding, executive planning instrument - a legal agreement between the municipality, the public and landowners - that makes it possible for the intentions of the comprehensive plan to be implemented. Special area regulations are also binding, and this form of planning is used within limited areas to guarantee compliance with certain comprehensive plan goals. A property regulation plan may be used to facilitate implementation of the detailed development plan. For the planning of matters that are of mutual interest to several municipalities, the national government may appoint a regional planning body with the task of monitoring regional questions and providing basic planning data for municipalities and Government authorities.
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