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- Santangelo, James S., et al.
(författare)
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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural dines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.
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| 2. |
- King, James A., et al.
(författare)
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Incidence of Celiac Disease Is Increasing Over Time : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: American Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0002-9270 .- 1572-0241. ; 115:4, s. 507-525
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis that defines the worldwide incidence of celiac disease (CD) and examines temporal trends.METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for population-based studies reporting the incidence of CD in the overall population, children, or adults. No limits were placed on year or language of publication. Studies solely examining at-risk populations (e.g., patients with type 1 diabetes) were excluded. Random-effects models were performed to meta-analyze sex- and age-specific incidence in the 21st century. Temporal trend analyses assessed the average annual percent change in CD incidence over time.RESULTS: Of 11,189 citations, 86 eligible studies were identified for inclusion, of which 50 were deemed suitable for analyses. In the 21st century, the pooled female incidence of CD was 17.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.7, 21.1) (I-2= 99.5%) per 100,000 person-years, compared with 7.8 (95% CI: 6.3, 9.2) (I-2= 98.6%) in males. Child-specific incidence was 21.3 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 15.9, 26.7) (I-2= 99.7%) compared with 12.9 (95% CI: 7.6, 18.2) (I-2= 99.9%) in adults. Pooling average annual percent changes showed the incidence of CD to be increasing by 7.5% (95% CI: 5.8, 9.3) (I-2= 79.6%) per year over the past several decades.DISCUSSION: Incidence of CD is highest in females and children. Overall, the incidence has been significantly rising in the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century throughout the Western world. Population-based studies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are needed to provide a comprehensive picture of the global incidence of CD.
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| 3. |
- King, James A., et al.
(författare)
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Trends in hospitalisation rates for inflammatory bowel disease in western versus newly industrialised countries : a population-based study of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. - : Elsevier. - 2468-1253. ; 4:4, s. 287-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Hospitalisation rates for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) vary across the world. We aimed to investigate temporal patterns of hospitalisation for IBD in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).Methods: From the OECD database, we assessed IBD-related hospitalisation rates (expressed as annual rates per 100 000 inhabitants) for 34 countries from 1990 to 2016. We calculated mean hospitalisation rates for the period 2010-15 and used joinpoint regression models to calculate average annual percentage changes with 95% CIs.Findings: Mean hospitalisation rates for IBD from 2010 to 2015 were highest in North America (eg, 33.9 per 100 000 in the USA), Europe (eg, 72.9 per 100 000 in Austria), and Oceania (eg, 31.5 per 100 000 in Australia). Hospitalisation rates for IBD were stabilising or decreasing over time in many countries in these regions but increasing in others. Countries in Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean had the lowest IBD-related hospitalisation rates but the greatest increases in rates over time. For example, Turkey had an annual hospitalisation rate of 10.8 per 100 000 inhabitants and an average annual percentage change of 10.4% (95% CI 5.2-15.9). Similarly, Chile had an annual hospitalisation rate of 9.0 per 100 000 inhabitants and an average annual percentage change of 5.9% (4.9-7.0).Interpretation: Hospitalisation rates for IBD are high in western countries but are typically stabilising or decreasing, whereas rates in many newly industrialised countries are rapidly increasing, which reflects the known increase in IBD prevalence in these countries. Potential explanations for these trends include changes in the epidemiology of IBD, health-care delivery, and infrastructure in these countries, as well as overall country-specific patterns in hospitalisations and differences between countries in data collection methods.
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