| 1. |
- Ekstrand-Hammarström, Barbro, et al.
(författare)
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Oxidative stress and cytokine expression in respiratory epithelial cells exposed to well-characterized aerosols from Kabul, Afghanistan
- 2013
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Ingår i: Toxicology in Vitro. - : Elsevier BV. - 0887-2333 .- 1879-3177. ; 27:2, s. 825-833
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study aerosol samples collected in an Asian mega-city (Kabul, Afghanistan) were compared to PM samples collected in a European location with traffic (Umea, Sweden) and a reference urban dust material (SRM 1649b). The toxicity of each sample towards normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was tested along with their ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and inflammatory responses. The extracts' morphology and elemental composition was studied by SEM-EDXRF, and filter samples were analyzed for metals and organic compounds. The PM from Kabul contained a larger fraction of fine particles, 19 times more polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 37 times more oxygenated PAH (oxy-PAH) compared to samples from timed. The PM-samples from Kabul and the reference material (SRM 1649b) induced significantly stronger oxidative stress responses than the samples from Umea. Furthermore, samples collected in Kabul induced significantly higher secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF while SRM1649b induced a cytokine pattern more similar to samples collected in Umea. Several properties of the particles could potentially explain these differences, including differences in their size distribution and contents of PAH and oxy-PAH, possibly in combination with their relative transition metal contents.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Leffler, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity and accumulation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites in atlantic salmon alevins exposed to an industrially polluted water
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1528-7394 .- 1087-2620. ; 77:19, s. 1183-1191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A pond in an industrial area in Sweden was selected to study adverse effects on salmon alevins from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated water. Chemical screening revealed heavy contamination of TNT and its degradation products, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), ranging from 0.05 to 230 g/kg in the sediment (dry weight) within the water system. Pond water contained 3 mg/L TNT. A dilution series of pond water mixed with tap water revealed increased death frequency in alevins down to fivefold dilution (approximate 0.4 mg TNT/L). Uptake was concentration dependent, reaching 7, 9, and 22 μg/g tissue for TNT, 2-ADNT, and 4-ADNT at the highest test concentration. A time-dependent uptake of TNT and its degradation products was found at a water concentration of 0.08 mg TNT/L. Degradation products of TNT showed a more efficient uptake compared to native TNT, and accumulation of 4-ADNT was more pronounced during the late phase of the 40-d exposure study. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) (0.34, 52, and 134 ml/g for TNT, 2-ADNT, and 4-ADNT, respectively) demonstrated a significant uptake of the metabolite 4-ADNT in alevin tissue. Disturbed physiological conditions and delayed development in alevins were not studied, but may not be excluded even at 125-fold diluted pond water (0.016 mg TNT/L). BCF data indicated that bioaccumulation of TNT metabolites need to be considered in TNT chronic toxicity. Fish species and age differences in the accumulation of TNT metabolites need to be further studied.
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| 5. |
- Nordström, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Concentrations of Organochlorines Related to Titers to Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen IgG as Risk Factors for Hairy Cell Leukemia
- 2000
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Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. ; 108:5, s. 441-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare chronic B-cell malignancy that, according to modern classifications, is a subgroup of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) . A rapid increase in incidence of NHL has been reported in many countries. The reasons for this increase are largely unknown, but exposure to organochlorines has been suggested as a risk factor. Epstein-Barr virus is a human herpesvirus that has been associated with certain subgroups of NHL. In this study, we measured lipid adjusted blood concentrations (in nanogram per gram) of 36 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) , p,p´-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) , hexachlorobenzene (HCB) , and four subgroups of chlordanes (trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, MC6, and oxychlordane) in incident cases of HCL and controls from the general population. We obtained results on organochlorines and antibodies for 54 cases and 54 controls. Titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr early antigen and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen, measured as P107, were correlated to concentrations of organochlorines to evaluate the possibility of an interaction between these factors in the pathogenesis of HCL. We found no significant difference in lipid-adjusted blood concentrations of total PCBs, p,p´-DDE, HCB, or the sum of the chlordanes between cases and controls. Titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr early antigen IgG 40 were correlated to an increased risk for HCL. This risk was further increased in those with a level above the median value of p,p´-DDE, HCB, or the sum of the chlordanes, suggesting an interaction between Epstein-Barr virus and a higher concentration of these chemicals. We also found increased risk for the sum of immunotoxic PCB group.
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| 7. |
- Rankin, Gregory D., et al.
(författare)
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The toxic potential of a fourth-generation E-cigarette on human lung cell lines and tissue explants
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Toxicology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0260-437X .- 1099-1263. ; 39:8, s. 1143-1154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) is rapidly increasing. The latest generation of E-cigs is highly customizable, allowing for high heating coil temperatures. The aim of this study was to assess the toxic potential of a fourth-generation E-cig. Aerosols generated from E-liquid with (24 mg/mL) and without nicotine, using a fourth-generation E-cig, were chemically analysed and compared with cigarette smoke (K3R4F). Human lung epithelial cell lines and distal lung tissue explants were exposed to E-cig vapour extract (EVE) and cigarette smoke extract for 24 hours and assessed for viability, inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. E-cig aerosols contained measurable levels of volatile organic compounds, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in general, to a much lesser extent than cigarette smoke. Higher levels of certain carbonyls, e.g. formaldehyde, were detected in the E-cig aerosols. EVEs decreased cell viability of BEAS-2B cells, whereas little effect was seen in A549 cells and distal lung tissue. The nicotine-containing EVE caused a greater decrease in cell viability and significant increase in DNA damage than the nicotine-free EVE. Increased cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production and genotoxicity were seen with cells and tissue exposed to cigarette smoke extract compared with EVEs. Although E-cig aerosols were less toxic than cigarette smoke, it was not benign. Moreover, the EVE containing nicotine was more toxic than the nicotine-free EVE. More research is needed on the short- and long-term health effects of vaping and the usage of newly emerging E-cig devices to evaluate better the potential negative effects of E-cigs on human health.
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| 8. |
- Ratnayake, Samantha P, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of airborne PAHs using passive sampling with 2,6 diphenyl-p-phenylenoxide as adsorbant
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of the national science foundation of Sri Lanka. - : National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. - 1391-4588 .- 2362-0161. ; 45:1, s. 83-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focused on initial tests of a small passive air sampler, utilising glass fiber filters and 2,6 diphenyl-pphenylenoxide as the substrate. The sampler was technically designed for both gaseous and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It was further validated in a field sampling campaign in a suburban area and the passive sampling rates were calculated by cross comparison with simultaneous active sampler data. Higher sampling rates were observed for. low-molecular-weight PAHs, upon prolonged sampling periods at outdoor ambient air conditions. Although only moderate sampling rates were observed when coupled with a highly sensitive analysis technique based on thermal desorption gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, the passive sampler was shown to be competitive with the other passive samplers in literature. These results are promising and support the future use of this sampler for more quantitative analysis of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs.
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| 9. |
- Schenk, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Exposures to lead during urban combat training
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lead exposure is still a major concern for occupations that regularly train or work with firearms, such as law enforcement and military personnel. Due to the increasing number of women of fertile age in such professions, there is a strong incentive to monitor lead exposures during firearms training. Personal air sampling was performed during two sessions of a nine-day urban combat training (UCT) course for cadets in the Swedish Armed Forces, one session employing leaded ammunition (leaded scenario) and one session employing unleaded ammunition (unleaded scenario). Blood lead levels (BLLs) were measured before and after the course for 42 cadets and five instructors. During the leaded scenario, the instructors' airborne exposure (geometric mean, GM, 72.0 μg/m3) was higher than that of cadets (GM 42.9 μg/m3). During the unleaded scenario, airborne concentrations were similar for instructors and cadets and considerably lower than during the leaded scenario (GM 2.9 μg/m3). Despite comparably low external lead exposures during the course, we saw a statistically significant increase in systemic exposure for cadets (BLL GM increased from 1.09 to 1.71 μg/dL, p < 0.001). For the five instructors, notable differences were seen depending on task.The largest increase was seen for the two instructors performing close supervision during the leaded scenario (BLL GM increased from 2.41 μg/dL to 4.83 μg/dL). For the remaining three instructors the BLLs were unchanged (BLL GMs were 1.25 μg/dL before the course and 1.26 μg/dL after). None of the participants exceeded the applicable biological exposure limits, but extrapolating our findings shows that instructors in the leaded scenario may reach levels around 10 μg/dL after a year of repeated exposures. We conclude that comparably low airborne concentrations can contribute to the body burden of lead and that additional measures to reduce exposure are warranted, particularly for instructors.
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| 10. |
- Shirdel, Mariam, et al.
(författare)
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A pilot study : the UNC passive aerosol sampler in a working environment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Annals of Work Exposures and Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 2398-7308 .- 2398-7316. ; 61:8, s. 1029-1034
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Dust is generally sampled on a filter using air pumps, but passive sampling could be a cost-effective alternative. One promising passive sampler is the University of North Carolina passive aerosol sampler (UNC sampler). The aim of this study is to characterize and compare the UNC sampler’s performance with PM10 and PM2.5 impactors in a working environment.Methods: Area sampling was carried out at different mining locations using UNC samplers in parallel with PM2.5 and PM10 impactors. Two different collection surfaces, polycarbonate (PC) and carbon tabs (CT), were employed for the UNC sampling. Sampling was carried out for 4–25 hours.Results: The UNC samplers underestimated the concentrations compared to PM10 and PM2.5 impactor data. At the location with the highest aerosol concentration, the time-averaged mean of PC showed 24% and CT 35% of the impactor result for PM2.5. For PM10, it was 39% with PC and 58% with CT. Sample blank values differed between PC and CT. For PM2.5, PC blank values were ~7 times higher than those of CT, but only 1.8 times higher for PM10. The blank variations were larger for PC than for CT.Conclusions: Particle mass concentrations appear to be underestimated by the UNC sampler compared to impactors, more so for PM2.5 than for PM10. CT may be preferred as a collection surface because the blank values were lower and less variable than for PC. Future validations in the working environment should include respirable dust sampling.
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