| 1. |
- Lyon, Steve W., et al.
(författare)
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WHY MONITOR CARBON IN HIGH-ALPINE STREAMS?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3676 .- 1468-0459. ; 98:3, s. 237-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this short communication, we report on dissolved organic and inorganic carbon concentrations from a summer stream monitoring campaign at the main hydrological catchment of the Tarfala Research Station in northern Sweden. Further, we place these unique high-alpine observations in the context of a relevant subset of Sweden's national monitoring programme. Our analysis shows that while the monitoring programme (at least for total organic carbon) may have relatively good representativeness across a range of forest coverages, alpine/tundra environments are potentially underrepresented. As for dissolved inorganic carbon, there is currently no national monitoring in Sweden. Since the selection of stream water monitoring locations and monitored constituents at the national scale can be motivated by any number of goals (or limitations), monitoring at the Tarfala Research Station along with other research catchment sites across Fennoscandia becomes increasingly important and can offer potential complementary data necessary for improving process understanding. Research catchment sites (typically not included in national monitoring programmes) can help cover small-scale landscape features and thus complement national monitoring thereby improving the ability to capture hot spots and hot moments of biogeochemical export. This provides a valuable baseline of current conditions in high-alpine environments against which to gauge future changes in response to potential climatic and land cover shifts.
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| 2. |
- Manzoni, Stefano, et al.
(författare)
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Reviews and syntheses : Carbon use efficiency from organisms to ecosystems - definitions, theories, and empirical evidence
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 15:19, s. 5929-5949
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cycling of carbon (C) between the Earth surface and the atmosphere is controlled by biological and abiotic processes that regulate C storage in biogeochemical compartments and release to the atmosphere. This partitioning is quantified using various forms of C-use efficiency (CUE) - the ratio of C remaining in a system to C entering that system. Biological CUE is the fraction of C taken up allocated to biosynthesis. In soils and sediments, C storage depends also on abiotic processes, so the term C-storage efficiency (CSE) can be used. Here we first review and reconcile CUE and CSE definitions proposed for autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms and communities, food webs, whole ecosystems and watersheds, and soils and sediments using a common mathematical framework. Second, we identify general CUE patterns; for example, the actual CUE increases with improving growth conditions, and apparent CUE decreases with increasing turnover. We then synthesize > 5000CUE estimates showing that CUE decreases with increasing biological and ecological organization - from uni-cellular to multicellular organisms and from individuals to ecosystems. We conclude that CUE is an emergent property of coupled biological-abiotic systems, and it should be regarded as a flexible and scale-dependent index of the capacity of a given system to effectively retain C.
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| 3. |
- Seibert, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Linking soil- and stream-water chemistry based on a Riparian Flow-Concentration Integration Model
- 2009
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Ingår i: Hydrology and earth system sciences. - : Copernicus Publications. - 1607-7938 .- 1027-5606. ; 13:12, s. 2287-2297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The riparian zone, the last few metres of soil through which water flows before entering a gaining stream, has been identified as a first order control on key aspects of stream water chemistry dynamics. We propose that the distribution of lateral flow of water across the vertical profile of soil water chemistry in the riparian zone provides a conceptual explanation of how this control functions in catchments where matrix flow predominates. This paper presents a mathematical implementation of this concept as well as the model assumptions. We also present an analytical solution, which provides a physical basis for the commonly used power-law flow-load equation. This approach quantifies the concept of riparian control on stream-water chemistry providing a basis for testing the concept of riparian control. By backward calculation of soil-water-chemistry profiles, and comparing those with observed profiles we demonstrate that the simple juxtaposition of the vertical profiles of water flux and soil water chemistry provides a plausible explanation for observed variations in stream water chemistry of several major stream components such as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), magnesium, calcium and chloride. The "static" implementation of the model structure presented here provides a basis for further development to account for seasonal influences and hydrological hysteresis in the representation of hyporheic, riparian, and hillslope processes.
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| 4. |
- Wallin, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon dioxide dynamics in an agricultural headwater stream driven by hydrology and primary production
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 17:9, s. 2487-2498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Headwater streams are known to be hotspots for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere and are hence important components in landscape carbon balances. However, surprisingly little is known about stream CO2 dynamics and emissions in agricultural settings, a land use type that globally covers ca. 40% of the continental area. Here we present hourly measured in situ stream CO2 concentration data from a 11.3 km(2) temperate agricultural headwater catchment covering more than 1 year (in total 339 d excluding periods of ice and snow cover). The stream CO2 concentrations during the entire study period were generally high (median 3.44 mg C L-1, corresponding to partial pressures (pCO(2)) of 4778 mu atm) but were also highly variable (IQR = 3.26 mgC L-1). The CO2 concentration dynamics covered a variety of different timescales from seasonal to hourly, with an interplay of hydrological and biological controls. The hydrological control was strong (although with both positive and negative influences dependent on season), and CO2 concentrations changed rapidly in response to rainfall and snowmelt events. However, during growing-season base flow and receding flow conditions, aquatic primary production seemed to control the stream CO2 dynamics, resulting in elevated diel patterns. During the dry summer period, rapid rewetting following precipitation events generated high CO2 pulses exceeding the overall median level of stream CO2 (up to 3 times higher) observed during the whole study period. This finding highlights the importance of stream intermittency and its effect on stream CO2 dynamics. Given the observed high levels of CO2 and its temporally variable nature, agricultural streams clearly need more attention in order to understand and incorporate these considerable dynamics in large-scale extrapolations.
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| 5. |
- Winterdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Acidification, DOC and Climate Change
- 2012
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Ingår i: <em>Handbook of Global Environmental Pollution</em>. - : Springer Publishing Company.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Winterdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Decoupling of carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon in boreal headwater streams
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 121:10, s. 2630-2651
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Streams and rivers emit large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. The sources of this CO2 are in-stream mineralization of organic carbon (OC) and CO2 input via groundwater inflow, but their relative importance is largely unknown. In this study, we quantified the role of in-stream OC mineralization as a source of CO2 in a number of nested boreal headwater streams. The results showed that mineralization of stream OC contributed 3% of CO2 supersaturation at time scales comparable to the estimated water travel times in the streams (<24h). Mass balances showed that downstream losses of OC were 3% in low-order streams, whereas up to 16% of the OC was lost in the largest (fourth order) streams. In contrast, 85% of the CO2 was lost along the stream network (longest total stream length=17km). Under the assumption that in-stream OC mineralization was the main source of stream CO2, higher rates of OC mineralization (6% of OC) than those reported across the literature (0.7% of OC) would be required to sustain observed CO2 supersaturation. Further, model results indicated that groundwater inflows were sufficient to sustain observed stream CO2 concentrations. We hence conclude that in-stream OC mineralization was a minor source of CO2 in these boreal headwater systems and that the main source of stream CO2 was inflowing groundwater transporting CO2 originating from soil respiration.
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| 7. |
- Winterdahl, Mattias
(författare)
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Intra-annual variability of natural organic matter in boreal streams : patterns and controls
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Natural organic matter (NOM) is a key component in aquatic ecosystems. It influences for example acidity, mobility and toxicity of metals and organic pollutants, energy input to aquatic food webs, weathering, and water light conditions. There are also considerable costs associated with removing NOM in drinking water production. Furthermore, NOM is an integral part of the carbon cycle with possible indirect effects on climate. During recent decades, there have been observations of increasing concentrations of NOM in surface waters in parts of North America and Europe. The causes of these trends are not fully understood, but are thought to be related to climate change and recovery from anthropogenic acidification. This thesis presents results from studies on intra-annual NOM cycling in more than 130 boreal streams and rivers. It also presents developments of the Riparian flow-concentration Integration Model (RIM). Detailed studies on five forested headwater catchments revealed that stream discharge and soil temperature were the main drivers of NOM variability. In addition, a small headwater catchment at the Swedish West Coast was substantially influenced by sea-salt deposition, which suppressed NOM mobilization. A modified version of RIM with discharge and soil temperature as variables could successfully simulate NOM dynamics in all five catchments. Riparian soil organic matter content and distribution was hypothesized to be the underlying control on NOM response to discharge and soil temperature. Catchments where NOM was sensitive to discharge displayed stronger gradients in soil NOM concentrations than did catchments with weak discharge sensitivity. A large scale study of 136 streams and rivers indicated common relationships among NOM, discharge and temperature. Conversely, there was no geographical pattern in NOM trends. Relative trends were weakly related to NOM response to flow and temperature. There were also clear relationships among intra-annual NOM dynamics, temperature, flow, and catchment landscape characteristics, indicating that catchments can be classified based on NOM dynamics. Taken together, this implies that NOM dynamics could change in ways not reflected in inter-annual trends due to climate change.
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| 8. |
- Winterdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Intra-annual variability of organic carbon concentrations in running waters : Drivers along a climatic gradient
- 2014
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Ingår i: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - 0886-6236 .- 1944-9224. ; 28:4, s. 451-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trends in surface water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations have received considerable scientific interest during recent decades. However, intra-annual DOC variability is often orders of magnitude larger than long-term trends. Unraveling the controls on intra-annual DOC dynamics holds the key to a better understanding of long-term changes and their ecological significance. We quantified and characterized intra-annual DOC variability and compared it with long-term DOC trends in 136 streams and rivers, varying in size and geographical characteristics, across a 1400km latitudinal gradient during 2000-2010. Discharge, temperature, and month of the year were the most significant predictors of intra-annual DOC variability in a majority of the running waters. Relationships between DOC, discharge, and temperature were, however, different along a mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient. Running waters with low MAT generally displayed positive DOC-discharge correlations whereas the relationships in sites with higher MAT were more variable. This reflected contrasting relationships between temperature and discharge with discharge positively correlated with temperature in cold areas, while it was negatively correlated with temperature in catchments with higher MAT. Sites where flow, temperature, and month were poorly related to intra-annual DOC dynamics were large catchments or sites with extensive upstream lake cover. DOC trends were generally much smaller than intra-annual DOC variability and did not show any north-south gradient. Our findings suggest that DOC in running waters could respond to a changing climate in ways not predictable, or even discernible, from extrapolation of recent interannual trends. Key Points Large-scale characterization of intra-annual DOC dynamics in running waters Discharge, temperature and month are significant predictors of DOC variability Shifting patterns in DOC dynamics along a 1400 km climatic gradient
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| 9. |
- Winterdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Riparian soil temperature modification of the relationship between flow and dissolved organic carbon concentration in a boreal stream
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water resources research. - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Discharge is often strongly correlated to the temporal variability of dissolved organic carbon concentrations ([DOC]) in watercourses. One recently proposed way to model this is the riparian flow-concentration integration model (RIM) concept that accounts for the role of flow pathway control on [DOC] dynamics in streams. However, in boreal systems, there is also commonly a seasonal pattern, which cannot be explained by variability in discharge alone. The objectives with this study were to (1) demonstrate RIM as a tool for studying variability in stream water chemistry, (2) investigate factors related to stream water DOC variability, and (3) modify RIM to account for these factors. RIM was used with 14 years of daily discharge and almost 500 stream measurements of [DOC] from a forested boreal headwater stream. We used the calibrated RIM to account for discharge influences and then investigated variables that could be related to DOC variability (air and soil temperature, soil moisture, precipitation, antecedent flow and stream sulfate). Five alternative formulations of RIM, with temporally varying soil concentration profiles based on the variability in soil temperature and/or antecedent flow, were evaluated. The model where only the effects of riparian soil temperature on dynamics in DOC depth profiles were included performed best overall. This dynamic RIM improved the Nash-Sutcliffe to 0.58 compared to 0.42 for the flow-only formulation and reduced the median absolute error from 3.0 to 2.1 mg L (-1). This study demonstrates that RIM is a simple way of modeling stream DOC and exploring controls on stream water chemistry.
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| 10. |
- Winterdahl, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Riparian Zone Influence on Stream Water Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations at the Swedish Integrated Monitoring Sites
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 40:8, s. 920-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Short-term variability in stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations is controlled by hydrology, climate and atmospheric deposition. Using the Riparian flow-concentration Integration Model (RIM), we evaluated factors controlling stream water DOC in the Swedish Integrated Monitoring (IM) catchments by separating out hydrological effects on stream DOC dynamics. Model residuals were correlated with climate and deposition-related drivers. DOC was most strongly correlated to water flow in the northern catchment (Gammtratten). The southern Aneboda and Kindla catchments had pronounced seasonal DOC signals, which correlated weakly to flow. DOC concentrations at GAyenrdsjon increased, potentially in response to declining acid deposition. Soil temperature correlated strongly with model residuals at all sites. Incorporating soil temperature in RIM improved model performance substantially (20-62% lower median absolute error). According to the simulations, the RIM conceptualization of riparian processes explains between 36% (Kindla) and 61% (Aneboda) of the DOC dynamics at the IM sites.
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