| 1. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Different Personality Patterns in Non-Socialized (Juvenile Delinquents) and Socialized (Air Force Pilot Recruits) Sensation Seekers
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - : SAGE Publications. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 15, s. 239-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Young delinquents are known to be sensation seekers. Not all sensation seekers become delinquents: many engage in socially accepted activities, such as mountaineering or parachute jumping. The present study compares 47 juvenile delinquents (mean age 17 years) with 18 Swedish air force pilot recruits (mean age 23 years) and 19 conscripts (mean age 18 years) as a control group. Sensation-seeking behaviour, impulsiveness, and psychiatric/psychological vulnerability were measured by the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scales (SSS), the Karolinska Scales of Personality, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Two separate multivariate analyses of variance were performed, followed up by stepdown analyses to identify those personality scale scores that contributed uniquely. In order to clarify the relationships, the pooled within-group correlations among scales were computed. Juvenile delinquents and pilot recruits were both high in sensation seeking, but on different subscales. Delinquents were high in impulsiveness, somatic anxiety, and extraversion–sociability, and low in socialization, suggesting psychiatric/psychological vulnerability. The findings may have implications for the treatment of juvenile delinquents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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| 2. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-
(författare)
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“Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde?” : Abuse of potent benzodiazepines, exemplified by flunitrazepam, in mentally disordered male offenders
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Flunitrazepam (FZ) is an example of a sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine whose pharmacokinetic properties include a rapid onset of action and an intermediate duration of action. It has a high affinity to central benzodiazepine receptors and affects them profoundly. These properties, and its profile of activity, increase the probability of abuse by those who have access to it. Known side effects of FZ are abuse and amnesia. FZ is widely abused and it has become a drug of choice among opioid abusers, as a club drug, and as a classic “date-rape” drug. FZ is often involved in fatal intoxication. It is therefore expected that FZ abuse is common in serious offenders. I have studied the reasons for FZ abuse and mapped the prevalence of the abuse, with the objective of studying the personalities and the background factors of the abusers, and of drawing some conclusions about assessment procedures of FZ abuse and the position of FZ in society.The participants in the studies summarised here were fifty-six juvenile delinquents from Swedish youth correctional institutions, aged 14-20 years, and sixty non-psychotic male offenders referred for a forensic psychiatric evaluation (FPE), aged 16-35 years. The participants answered questions regarding their abuse, and this enabled us to understand why they abused just FZ (and not another substance). The participants also completed a number of self-reported inventories, which enabled us to obtain measures of personality traits. They were also rated for psychopathy. Five forensic psychiatric cases of FZ abusers were studied in more detail. Furthermore, the forensic psychiatric participants’ psychiatric diagnoses, and both groups’ crime-related measures, were obtained from their files.About 40% of the juvenile delinquents and 30% of the offenders referred for a forensic psychiatric evaluation abused FZ. The main reason for the FZ abuse was to change a perception of reality and to obtain an increased feeling of power and self-esteem, a feeling that everything was possible. Both samples of offenders differed from the normal population in many personality traits, suggesting that the participants possessed a high level of vulnerability for developing mental disorders, but only a few differences in personality traits were found between FZ abusers and non-FZ abusers. The juvenile delinquent FZ abusers had higher scores than non-FZ abusers in the verbal aggression and sensation-seeking boredom susceptibility scales. In the juvenile sample, FZ abuse was associated with the abuse of amphetamines and/or cocaine, cannabis, and opiates, and with childhood psychological/psychiatrical contact, with living in a metropolitan housing area, and with recidivism into crimes leading to care in a juvenile correctional institution. In this sample, FZ abuse was also associated with weapons offences and narcotics-related crimes. In the forensic psychiatric sample, FZ abuse was significantly associated with previous admission to an FPE, and convictions for robbery, for weapons-related offences, for narcotics-related offences and for theft. The results show that FZ is more common in offenders who score high on Facet 4 (Antisocial) in the Hare psychopathy model, and that FZ abuse has high correlation with Item 20 (Criminal versatility). All of the FZ abusers reported side effects from FZ that resulted in the brutality of their violent acts and anterograde amnesia. FZ abusers, when intoxicated with FZ, had a reduced capacity for both empathy and anticipatory anxiety, in contrast to their “daily” behaviour and “ordinary” (i.e., without the influence of the FZ) personality characteristics. They were not characterised by classic characteristics of psychopathy, such as lack of empathy. This may indicate that FZ induces psychopathic-like state-dependant (FZ intoxication) traits, and temporary dissociate states (“Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde”?).In conclusion, FZ abuse is common in the population of young offenders with mental disorders, and FZ is often used for nonmedical purposes. The practical implications of these conclusions are that clinicians and those who develop or manage therapeutic programs should be aware of FZ abuse when choosing the most effective treatment for male offenders. General practitioners who prescribe potent sedative compounds should be aware of their possible adverse effects. The availability of FZ should be limited further, because FZ is frequently abused in vulnerable male offenders, and because FZ has serious adverse mental health-related effects and is related to robbery and weapons‑related crimes.
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| 3. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Flunitrazepam intake in male offenders
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa Healthcare. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 66:2, s. 131-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The abuse of flunitrazepam (FZ) compounds is worldwide, and several studies have reflected on the consequences with regard to violence, aggression and criminal lifestyle of FZ users. Criminals take high doses of FZ or some other benzodiazepines to "calm down" before the planned crime. There is support from earlier studies that most likely, all benzodiazepines may increase aggression in vulnerable males. Chronic intake of high doses of FZ increases aggression in male rats. Because psychopathy involves aggression, we have examined whether psychopathy as well as any of the four facets of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle and Antisocial) are related to different substance use disorders, with the focus on FZ. We have also examined the relationship between each PCL-R item and FZ use. Participants were 114 male offenders aged 14-35 years, all of whom were convicted for severe, predominantly violent, offences. Substance use, including FZ, was not more common in those who scored high in psychopathy. Use of FZ was more common in offenders who scored high in Facet 4 (Antisocial) of the PCL-R (odds ratio = 4.30, 95% CI 1.86-9.94). Only one of the PCL-R items, "Criminal versatility", was significantly associated with FZ use (odds ratio = 3.7). It may be concluded that intake of FZ has a specific relationship to only one of the facets and not to psychopathy per se. ; The findings have also important theoretical implications because Facet 4 is not a key factor of the construct of psychopathy. Clinical implications of the article: We have used the new two-factor and four-facet theoretical model of psychopathy in the young offender population, many of them with one or more substance use disorders. The present results suggest that antisocial behavior defined by Facet 4 (poor behavioral control, early behavior problems, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release and criminal versatility) in the studied subjects is more typical for FZ users than it is for non-FZ users. This may have implications for assessment and treatment. Clinicians should be aware that criminals with high scores on Facet 4 have a more than fourfold odds of being a FZ user. This conclusion has an important clinical implication because FZ abuse is very common and is not always the focus of a forensic psychiatric assessment. ;
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| 4. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Psychopathic traits and lifestyle in flunitrazepam abusers
- 2005
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The abuse of flunitrazepam (FZ) compounds is world-wide. We have examined whether any of the four facets of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and Antisocial) (Hare, 2003) is related to different substance use disorders, with the focus on FZ abuse. Participants were 114 male offenders aged 14-35 years, all of whom were convicted for severe, predominantly violent, offences. Abuse of FZ was more common in offenders who scored high in Facet 4 (Antisocial) of the PCL-R (odds ratio = 4.30, 95% C.I. 1.86 - 9.94). Using all 20 PCL‑R items as individual predictors of being an FZ abuser, only one of the items, Item 20) (Criminal versatility) was significantly associated with FZ abuse (odds ratio = 3.72, 95% C.I. 1.85 - 7.50). We suggest that abuse of FZ is more common in offenders who score high in Facet 4, and that FZ abuse is significantly associated with Item 20. Our results show that clinicians and those who develop or manage therapeutic programs should be aware of FZ abuse when choosing the most effective treatment for young mentally disordered severe offenders.
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| 5. |
- Dåderman, Anna Maria, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Speedy action over goal orientation' : cognitive impulsivity in male forensic patients with dyslexia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Dyslexia. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. - 1076-9242 .- 1099-0909. ; 18:4, s. 226-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous neuropsychiatric studies suggest a relationship between reading disability and cognitive impulsivity. This relationship is not entirely explained by the high comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as children with a co-occurrence of these disorders tend to be more impulsive than those with ADHD only. Other research has demonstrated that poor verbal skill (irrespective of the presence of dyslexia) deficits in executive functions and impulsivity are important risk factors for criminal behaviour. The present study bridges these two research traditions by examining whether patients undergoing forensic psychiatric investigation who also have dyslexia, have a cognitive style characterized by impulsivity. Male forensic patients (mean age 27 years, range 16–35) with (n = 9) and without (n = 13) dyslexia were evaluated on the computerized EuroCog test battery. The findings suggest that patients with dyslexia tend to use a cognitive impulsive style and suggest a more direct link between dyslexia and cognitive impulsivity that is not mediated by the presence of ADHD. In order to identify treatment needs and tailor treatment accordingly, forensic patients should be assessed with respect to poor verbal skill, dyslexia and impulsivity.
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| 6. |
- Hui, Sun, et al.
(författare)
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Electron beam-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid and immobilization of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing peptide onto nanopatterned polycaprolactone
- 2004
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 5:6, s. 2275-2280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron beam- (EB-) induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid and the subsequent immobilization of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide onto nanopatterned polycaprolactone with parallel grooves is reported. A high concentration of carboxylic groups was introduced onto the polymer substrate by EB-induced polymerization of acrylic acid. In the coupling of the RGD peptide to the carboxylated polymer surface a three-step peptide immobilization process was used. This process included the activation of surface carboxylic acid into an active ester intermediate by use of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), the introduction of disulfide groups by use of 2-(2-pyridinyldithio)ethanamine tie hydrochloride (PDEA), and final immobilization of the peptide via a thioldisulfide exchange reaction. The extent of coupling was measured by UV spectroscopy. A preliminary study of the in vitro behavior of keratinocytes (NCTC 2544) cultured on the acrylic acid-grafted and RGD peptide-coupled surface showed that most cells grown on the coupled samples had a spread-rounded appearance, while the majority of cells tended to be elongated along the grooves on uncoupled substrates.
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| 7. |
- Lindberg, T., et al.
(författare)
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Graft polymerisation of acrylamide onto PCL film by electron beam pre-irradiation in air or argon. Morphology in the final grafted state
- 2000
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Ingår i: Polymer. - 0032-3861 .- 1873-2291. ; 41:11, s. 4099-4111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) has been graft polymerised to final graft yields with acrylamide (AAm) as monomer in an aqueous solution by the pre-irradiation method. The synthesis of the samples obtained, pre-irradiated in air or argon atmosphere, was controlled by dose and concentration of inhibitor, provided as Mohr's salt, in the ranges from 2.5 to 10 Mrad and from 0.005 to 0.500 wt%, respectively. Final graft yields and lateral dimensions in swollen condition ranged from 70 to 3400 wt%, and from 23 x 30 to 89 x 94 mm(2), respectively, as atmosphere during irradiation, dose and concentration of inhibitor were altered. These properties gave values in crystallinity extending from 4 to 57 wt%. Samples pre-irradiated in air and subsequently graft polymerised yielded higher values of crystallinity in the entire range of dose and concentration of inhibitor. At low concentration of inhibitor, final graft yield and lateral dimension for samples pre-irradiated in air had considerably larger values while the final graft yield and lateral dimension of samples pre-irradiated in argon had slightly larger values at high concentration of inhibitor. The initial biaxial morphology of the PCL film was continuously transformed into a uniform morphology, which was reached at a final graft yield of approximately 800 wt%.
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| 8. |
- Meurling, Ann Wirsén, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in strategy and performance on computerized neuropsychological tests as related to gender identity and age at puberty
- 2000
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1467-9450 .- 0036-5564. ; 41:2, s. 81-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuropsychological sex differences have since long been under debate. Support for the relation between behavioral differences and biological variables like hormone influence is, however, emerging. Sixteen men and sixteen women, all university students, were tested with computerized neuropsychological tests (APT), the Bem Sexual Role Inventory, and asked about pubertal age. The results were in line with earlier findings of sex differences in neuropsychological tests, men being faster and women more cautious. The assumption that women tend to use left-hemispheric, verbal/serial strategies also in spatial tasks was also partly supported. In women, late onset of puberty was related to better spatial performance, and there were also more intercorrelations between verbal and spatial tests in the female than in the male group, indicating that women use less specific strategies (more g-factor intelligence) in problem solving, or that aptitudes are less compartmentalized in women than in men.
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| 9. |
- Olander, B., et al.
(författare)
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Argon microwave plasma treatment and subsequent hydrosilylation grafting as a way to obtain silicone biomaterials with well-defined surface structures
- 2002
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 3:3, s. 505-510
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method of grafting well-defined and hydrolytically stable surface structures onto cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has been developed. In the first step, argon microwave plasma was used to introduce Si-H groups onto the surface. In the second step, allyltetrafluoroethyl ether was grafted to these Si-H groups using a platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction. The influences of the plasma parameters of power, pressure, and treatment time on the surface composition, both before and after the hydrosilylation step, were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. It was found that the pressure had little influence on the results, whereas the power and treatment time determined the rate of change in surface composition during the plasma treatment. The graft yield reached a plateau value corresponding to about 5% grafted molecules in the analyzed surface region. Hydrosilylation grafting of PDMS is a promising method to obtain biomaterials with hydrolytically stable structures covalently bound to the surface.
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| 10. |
- Olander, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen microwave plasma treatment of silicone elastomer : Kinetic behavior and surface composition
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Polymer Science. - : Wiley. - 0021-8995 .- 1097-4628. ; 91:6, s. 4098-4104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silicone elastomers were surface modified by oxygen microwave plasma under different conditions and the elemental composition was followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The changes in elemental composition were mapped by a method based on ternary XPS diagrams that we have recently developed. Already at the shortest treatment times, 5 s, the change in surface composition is more than one-half the maximum change obtained on prolonged exposure. After this initial change, the surface gradually oxidizes toward the final composition. Curve resolutions of C1s and Si2p XPS data showed that the initial jump in surface composition is caused by an oxidation of silicon where one of the two methyl groups are replaced by an oxygen. The second methyl group appears to be more difficult to remove, but as the treatment progresses, the number of oxygen bonded to silicon gradually increases. The dominating form of carbon acts as unoxidized methyl groups throughout the process, but the total carbon percentage decreases as the treatment progresses. This indicates either that the methyl groups are removed without prior oxidation or that the methyl groups are removed shortly after oxidation. A silica-like surface layer was formed on prolonged plasma treatment under all the investigated conditions.
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