| 1. |
- Burtraw, Dallas, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Policy Options and Consequences in the International Spotlight: A Report for Industry on the Implications of Domestic Policy Design and Global Negotiations
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following the 2009 Copenhagen Summit, momentum for mitigating global climate change has been spurred by the idea that success at the international level must be built around existing national policies. The Mistra Indigo research program —a collaboration among IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, the University of Gothenburg’s Department of Economics, and Resources for the Future—was created to analyze this bottom-up approach to climate policy. From 2012-2015 the program brought together leading experts in economics and environmental policy, with the goal of understanding how to design and select environmental policy instruments to promote longterm, cost-effective global climate change mitigation change while taking into account the uncertain ties of international policy.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson Reich, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Ethical Investments - Towards a Sound Theory and Screening Methodology
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study aims to test and develop methods for environmental and social screening of companies in order to support informed investment decisions. Among others the report deals with the following questions: * What are the characteristics of current ethical screening methods? * What steps and criteria should be included in an ethical screening? * What are advantages/disadvantages of intuitive methods versus analytic methods? * How should gathered information be evaluated? * Does social screening differ from environmental screening? The available literature on ethical screening and decision making has been evaluated. Also, the current screening practices in Sweden and elsewhere were mapped and analysed. Subsequently a flowchart for ethical screening was developed and the method was tested in three case studies. The overall conclusion of the study is that it is both common and motivated that different objectives are used for ethical screening. These different objectives lead to different preferences regarding methods for screening. But to conduct a more elaborate screening, competence concerning companies' ethical practices and the capital market is essential. We acknowledge that intuitive and informal steps always will be present in a screening process. But, to ensure comparability, we believe it is crucial that the overall approach is analytic, formalised, and transparent
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| 3. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The progress of GHG markets : opportunities and risks
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The climate negotiations at the COP15 in December 2009 did not produce a new international treaty with binding emissions commitments but the Copenhagen Accord for dealing with post-2012 climate change. Given the current climate negotiation process it is unlikely that we will see a global climate agreement soon on a global cap between all Convention members participating in a single carbon market. We may be more likely to see a stepwise process moving towards this scenario, most likely involving linkages between different national policy programs when it comes to mitigation as well as offsetting emissions. In such a process countries will offer commitments based on their domestic abilities, preferences and policies, norms and institutions. National and sub-national policies are thus likely to be the de-facto building blocks of nations' abilities to make and fulfill international commitments. However, also with multilateral mitigation programs without binding commitments, carbon markets will be needed as well as international authorities that support measurement, reporting and verification rules and the international registries. Such markets will necessarily be complicated and temporary in a world without an overarching binding agreement. There will be numerous tradeoffs between different kinds of second-best arrangements. The purpose of this report is to build knowledge about the effects of the development of regional and international carbon markets and the auxiliary technology agreements that might be needed. Among the topics we address are: the evolution and integration of carbon markets, the impacts of policy and technology cost uncertainty on the cost of meeting targets through a carbon market mechanism, the effect of banking, price floors and ceilings, institutional constraints and technological change in the further development of carbon markets and their links to other environmental policy instruments, and the potential of REDD-plus to encourage sustainable forest development and climate mitigation.
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| 4. |
- Hansen, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Förslag till indikatorer för att beskriva företags och branschers miljöprestanda
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IVL, IVF, IMT och SIK har tagit fram förslag till indikatorer och miljönyckeltal för att beskriva företags och branschers miljöprestanda på ett relevant och objektivt sätt. Metoden har tillämpats på branscherna verkstadsindustri, livsmedelsindustrin och grafisk mediebransch. Denna rapport har som syfte att uppnå följande delmål i projektet: Genomgång av egna och andra aktörers tidigare genomförda studier på området. Framtagning av en preliminär uppsättning näringslivsgemensamma indikatorer och nyckeltal. Inventering av miljöstatistik och datasättning av nyckeltal för de tre branscherna. Jämförelse mellan föreslagna näringslivsgemensamma miljönyckeltal baserade på statistik och motsvarande nyckeltal baserade på tidigare genomförda branschprojekt och fallstudier. De föreslagna nyckeltalen är uppbyggda som en kvot där täljaren består av ett miljörelaterat mått och nämnaren av ett nyttorelaterat mått. Ca 40 miljöpåverkansmått har tagits fram som förslag till de näringslivsgemensamma nyckeltalen. Som nyttomål har omsättning, förädlingsvärde och antal arbetade timmar valts ut.
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| 5. |
- Hansen, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Miljönyckeltal för den Grafiska Mediebranchen
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IVL och IMT har tillsammans med fyra grafiska företag tagit fram rekommendationer om branschgemensamma miljönyckeltal. Syftet är att ge grafiska medieföretag ett kraftfullt och trovärdigt verktyg för att följa upp det interna miljöarbetet och externt kunna påvisa och redovisa miljöförbättringar. Framtagandet av betydande miljöaspekter och branschgemensamma nyckeltal som behandlar dessa aspekter har gjorts genom: 1. Litteraturstudie av tidigare utförda miljöbelastningsutredningar inom branschen. 2. Detaljerad inventering av respektive projektföretags miljöbelastning och nytta. 3. Beräkning och analys av miljönyckeltal för projektföretagen utifrån all inventeringsdata. 4. Regelbundna diskussioner i projektgruppen med delresultat, nationella miljömål, möjligheter för små och medelstora företag, etc som grund. I rapporten presenteras de rekommenderade miljönyckeltalen som en kvot med ett miljöbelastningsmått som täljare och ett mått på nytta som nämnare. 13 miljömått och två nyttomått har valts ut. Som bilaga finns en manual, som möjliggör beräkning av nyckeltalen för det egna företaget.
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| 6. |
- Hjerpe, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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The function of side events at the Conference of the Parties to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Civil society involvement has grown to become an integral part of the UN negotiatingprocess. The side events at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are today the most visible componentof and the only formal avenue of civil society involvement in international climate negotiations. This study assesses the extent to which side events effectively: a) provide input to the negotiations and b) contribute to the construction of the climate regime. Through surveying organisers of and participants in side events as well as COP delegates, we have analysed i) who attends side events, ii) why they attend them, iii) why organisations arrange side events, and iv) the outcome of side events.We distributed a questionnaire to all organisers of side events at COP 13 and the participants in twenty of the 200 side events held in Bali in November 2007. In addition, we also surveyed a strategic sample of the 10,800 participants at COP 13, receiving a total of nearly 1,100 responses.This report concludes that the side events fulfil the broader official objective of benefitingCOP participants, as these events are rated of high value across all participant groups and geographical categories. Negotiators were by far the most important target audience of all categories of side events, followed by representatives of UN organisations and researchers. Organisers considered the G77 plus China to be the most important Party groupings to reachin all categories of side events.The average number of side event participants was 82. The attendance at mitigation side events was 42% higher than at adaptation events. However, more negotiators and governmentrepresentatives attended adaptation side events, whereas there was very little media andbusiness and even less NGO and researcher presence at adaptation compared with mitigationevents. If we up-scale the results of this survey, approximately 1,400 of the 3,500 Party participants attended side events.The study indicates high side event participation from countries with large economies,countries near the COP venue, and the host country. Three of eight side event participants were NGO representatives. About one quarter of the participantsconsisted of negotiators or government representatives. Each side event was attended by anaverage of seven negotiators, 14 government representatives, eight business representatives, seven UN/IGO representatives, and three media representatives. Business representatives.
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| 7. |
- Holmgren, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading for the Transport sector
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study we have analysed different options to apply emissions trading for greenhouse gas emissions to the transport sector. The main focus has been on the EU transport sector and the possibility to include it in the current EU ETS in the trading period beginning in 2013. The purpose was to study how different alternatives will affect different actors. Focus has been on three sub sectors; road transport, aviation and shipping. The railway sector has only been treated on a general level. The study includes the following three parts: 1. An economic analysis of the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions trading for the transport sector including an analysis of how the total cost for reaching an emission target will be affected by an integrated emissions trading system for the transport sector and the industry (currently included sectors) compared to separate systems for the sectors, 2. An analysis of design possibilities for the different sub-sectors. Discussion of positive and negative aspects with different choices of design parameters, such as trading entity, covered greenhouse gases , allocation of emission allowances and monitoring systems, 3. Examination of the acceptance among different actors for different options of using greenhouse gas emissions trading in the transport sector .....
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| 8. |
- Holt, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching Opportunity Cost in an Emissions Permit Experiment
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Review of Economics Education. - : Elsevier. - 1477-3880. ; 9:2, s. 34-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an individual choice experiment that can be used to teach students how to correctly account for opportunity costs in production decisions. Students play the role of producers that require a fuel input and an emissions permit for production. Given fixed market prices, they make production quantity decisions based on their costs. Permits have a constant price throughout the experiment.In one treatment, students have to purchase both a fuel input and an emissions permit for each production unit. In a second treatment, they receive permits for free and any unused permits are sold on their behalf at the permit price. If students correctly incorporate opportunity costs, they will have the same supply function in both treatments. This experiment motivates classroom discussion of opportunity costs and emission permit allocation under cap and trade schemes. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) provides a relevant example for classroom discussion, as industry earned significant 'windfall profits' from free allocation of emissions permits in the early phases of the program.
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| 9. |
- Johnsson, Filip, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Utökad elproduktion till 2030
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi, Filip Johnsson och Markus Wråke, presenterade på DN Debatt[1] den 11 mars en debattartikel om potentialen att bygga ut den svenska elproduktionen till 2030: ”Hantera båda kriserna genom mer elproduktion.” Den enda replik[2] som publicerades avsåg att artikeln inte inkluderade potentialen med återstart av Ringhals 1, vilket bemöttes i slutrepliken[3]. Det framfördes inte heller någon kritik mot de angivna potentialerna i andra sammanhang, så vitt vi kunnat se. I artikeln summerades potentialen för de olika kraftslagen: ”Sammantaget är det fullt möjligt att öka Sveriges elproduktion med ungefär 140 TWh fram till 2030, vilket motsvarar hela Sveriges nuvarande elanvändning. Denna nivå ligger i linje med det långsiktiga behovet för att möta elektrifieringen och möjliggöra klimatomställningen – men produktionen kan tidigareläggas.” Detta dokument utgår från de nedbrutna angivna TWh-siffrorna i debattartikeln, och kompletterar med fler källor och resonemang. I början av varje stycke återges vad som angavs i debattartikeln.
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| 10. |
- Krook-Riekkola, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the Swedish residential and service sectors in TIMES: a feasibility studies
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report, a specification for how the Swedish residential and service sector (R&S sector) could be modelled using the TIMES modelling platform is presented. The focus is on long-term scenario analysis, which serves two intended purposes. In explorative scenarios, the aim is to answer the question “What could happen?” By contrast, normative scenarios are more practical, asking “How can a given objective be reached?” Ultimately, the objective is to identify the least-cost ways of achieving policy objectives. In light of how energy demand is evolving, model requirements for analysis of urban energy systems and decentralized energy conversion are also discussed, but more briefly. In conclusion, it is possible to improve the way the R&S sector is represented and modelled in integrated energy systems models such as TIMES Sweden. There is a suite of data sources still untapped, and the body of knowledge and experience from this type of energy analysis has improved the understanding of how such modelling can best be done. This report presents a proposal that could significantly improve the ability analyse the R&S sector itself, and interaction between the built environment and other sectors. Ultimately, that would result in a better understanding of the energy system and in more robust advice to policy makers.
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