| 1. |
- Breznau, Nate, et al.
(författare)
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Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how researchers analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each teams workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
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| 2. |
- de Lemos, Rogerio, et al.
(författare)
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Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems : A Second Research Roadmap
- 2013
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Ingår i: Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642358128 ; , s. 1-32
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The goal of this roadmap paper is to summarize the state-of-the-art and identify research challenges when developing, deploying and managing self-adaptive software systems. Instead of dealing with a wide range of topics associated with the field, we focus on four essential topics of self-adaptation: design space for self-adaptive solutions, software engineering processes for self-adaptive systems, from centralized to decentralized control, and practical run-time verification & validation for self-adaptive systems. For each topic, we present an overview, suggest future directions, and focus on selected challenges. This paper complements and extends a previous roadmap on software engineering for self-adaptive systems published in 2009 covering a different set of topics, and reflecting in part on the previous paper. This roadmap is one of the many results of the Dagstuhl Seminar 10431 on Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems, which took place in October 2010.
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| 3. |
- Weyns, Danny, et al.
(författare)
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On Patterns for Decentralized Control in Self-Adaptive Systems
- 2013
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Ingår i: Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642358128 ; , s. 76-107
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-adaptation is typically realized using a control loop. Oneprominent approach for organizing a control loop in self-adaptive systemsis by means of four components that are responsible for the primary functionsof self-adaptation: Monitor, Analyze, Plan, and Execute, togetherforming a MAPE loop. When systems are large, complex, and heterogeneous,a single MAPE loop may not be sufficient for managing alladaptation in a system, so multiple MAPE loops may be introduced. Inself-adaptive systems with multiple MAPE loops, decisions about how todecentralize each of the MAPE functions must be made. These decisionsinvolve how and whether the corresponding functions from multiple loopsare to be coordinated (e.g., planning components coordinating to preparea plan for an adaptation). To foster comprehension of self-adaptive systemswith multiple MAPE loops and support reuse of known solutions,it is crucial that we document common design approaches for engineers.As such systematic knowledge is currently lacking, it is timely to reflecton these systems to: (a) consolidate the knowledge in this area, and (b)to develop a systematic approach for describing different types of controlin self-adaptive systems. We contribute with a simple notation fordescribing interacting MAPE loops, which we believe helps in achieving(b), and we use this notation to describe a number of existing patternsof interacting MAPE loops, to begin to fulfill (a). From our study, weoutline numerous remaining research challenges in this area.
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