| 1. |
- Chen, Yvonne Jie, et al.
(författare)
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Early-Life Exposure to Tap Water and the Development of Cognitive Skills
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:6, s. 2113-2149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the impact of early-life exposure to tap water on children’s cognitive skills in later life. We exploit the variation in the timing of tap water connections across communities imposed by a major drinking water safety program in rural China. Using data extracted from the China Family Panel Studies, we find that one additional year of exposure to tap water in early life increases the cognitive test score at ages 10–15 by 0.132 standard deviations. The event study estimates confirm that the beneficial impacts of tap water exposure are concentrated in early life.
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| 2. |
- Li, L., et al.
(författare)
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Beyond boiling: The effect of in utero exposure to treated tap water on childhood health
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of in utero exposure to treated tap water on childhood health in rural China, where boiling water to inactivate disease-causing microorganisms before drinking is common. We exploit the gradual rollout of a rural drinking water program that supplies treated tap water to households. Besides microorganisms, the treatment removes chemical pollutants. We find that exposure to treated tap water in utero increases height at ages 1-11 by 0.3 standard deviations. We also document improvements in other health outcomes at different stages of childhood, as well as a reduction in the incidence of non-waterborne digestive diseases. Improving health by age one and inducing more health investments from parents are two possible channels. Results highlight the importance of removing chemical pollutants from drinking water to protect fetuses from environmental insults.
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| 3. |
- Rossi, P., et al.
(författare)
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Spillovers in Childbearing Decisions and Fertility Transitions: Evidence from China
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Economic Association. - 1542-4766. ; 22:1, s. 161-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article uses China's family planning policies to quantify and explain spillovers in fertility decisions. We test whether ethnic minorities decreased their fertility in response to the policies, although only the majority ethnic group, the Han Chinese, were subject to birth quotas. We exploit the policy rollout and variation in pre-policy age-specific fertility levels to construct a measure of the negative shock to Han fertility. Combining this measure with variation in the local share of Han, we estimate that a woman gives birth to 0.63 fewer children if the average completed fertility among her peers is exogenously reduced by one child. The fertility response of minorities is driven by cultural proximity with the Han and by higher educational investments, suggesting that spillovers operate through both social and economic channels. These results provide evidence that social multipliers can accelerate fertility transitions.
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