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- Boulanger, Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
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High surface area activated carbon prepared from wood-based spent mushroom substrate for supercapacitors and water treatment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces A. - : Elsevier. - 0927-7757 .- 1873-4359. ; 680
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Edible white-rot fungi are commonly cultivated on wood-based substrates and selectively degrade lignin to a larger extent during their growth. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is produced in huge amounts by the mushroom industry and today there is a lack of proven methods to valorize this kind of biomass waste, which in most cases is landfilled or used as fuel. This study demonstrates that birch wood-based SMS from the cultivation of oyster mushrooms can be converted into high-quality activated carbon (AC) with an extremely high surface area of about 3000 m2/g. These activated carbons showed good performance when used in electrodes for supercapacitors, with energy storage parameters nearly identical to AC produced from high-quality virgin birch wood. Moreover, AC produced from SMS showed high potential as an adsorbent for cleaning reactive orange-16 azo dye from aqueous solutions as well as contaminants from synthetic effluents and from real sewage water. The kinetics of adsorption were well represented by the Avrami fractional order model and isotherms of adsorption by the Liu model. The theoretical maximum reactive orange-16 adsorption capacities were approximately 519 mg/g (SMS-based carbon) and 553 mg/g (virgin birch-based carbon). The removal of contaminants from synthetic effluents made of different dyes and inorganic compounds was around 95% and 83% depending on the effluent composition. The removal of contaminants from raw sewage water was around 84%, and from treated sewage water was around 68%. Overall, the results showed that activated carbon prepared from waste generated during cultivation of white-rot fungi is as good as activated carbon prepared from high-quality virgin wood.
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- Bozaghian, Marjan, et al.
(författare)
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Combustion characteristics of barley straw stored with CaCO3 during fluidized bed combustion using quartz and olivine as bed materials
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to achieve a continuous feedstock supply for power plants a large quantity of harvested material must be stored for long-term periods. During storage, especially during right conditions of temperature, moisture and oxygen, solid agricultural fuels are susceptible to microbial activities. Microbial respiration not only leads to loss of organic carbon, but also to an increased temperature in the stored fuel which may lead to self-ignition. There is on-going work studying the effect of adding Ca as CaO or CaCO3 during storage of straw with the aim of creating an unfavorable alkaline microenvironment that prevents microbial growth during storage. The effect of this amendment during storage is still being explored, but the effect in the combustion step of the process in terms of determining the potential of Ca-additives to positively affect overall ash chemistry have yet to be certainly quantified. Utilization of agricultural crops for energy purposes in heat and power plants has proven to be challenging in numerous ways. Compared to woody fuels, agricultural fuels can cause severe ash-related operational problems in combined heat and power plants through by fouling, slagging and/or bed agglomeration due to their high concentrations of inorganic constituents. The objective of the present study is therefore to determine the fouling and bed agglomeration characteristics during fluidized-bed combustion of barley straw stored with different dosages of Ca to biomass with the main ash-forming elements shown in Figure 1, using two types of bed materials, quartz and olivine.
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| 7. |
- Bozaghian, Marjan, et al.
(författare)
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Combustion characteristics of straw stored with CaCO3 in bubbling fluidized bed using quartz and olivine as bed materials
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 212, s. 1400-1408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The addition of Ca-containing compounds can reduce mass loss from agricultural biomass during storage. The resulting alkaline environment is detrimental to microorganisms present in the material. Theoretical analysis of Ca-containing biomass suggests that combustion properties are improved with respect to slagging. To validate the theoretical calculations, barley straw was utilized as a typical model agricultural biomass and combustion characteristics of straw pre-treated with 2 and 4 w/w% CaCO3 for combined improvement of storage and combustion properties were determined through combustion at 700 degrees C in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized-bed reactor (5 kW) using quartz and olivine sand as bed materials. The combustion characteristics were determined in terms of elemental composition and compound identification in bed ash and bed material including agglomerates, fly ash, particulate matter as well as flue gas measurements. The addition of CaCO3 to straw had both positive and negative effects on its combustion characteristics. Both additive levels raised the total de fluidization temperature for both quartz and olivine, and olivine proved to be less susceptible than quartz to reactions with alkali. With Ca-additives, the composition of deposits and fine particulate matter changed to include higher amounts of KCl potentially leading to higher risk for alkali chloride-induced corrosion. Flue gas composition was heavily influenced by CaCO3 additives by significantly elevated CO concentrations likely related to increased levels of gaseous alkali compounds. The results suggest that it is necessary to reduce gaseous alkali compounds, e.g. through kaolin or sulphur addition, if alkali-rich straw is to be co-combusted with Ca-rich biomass or large amounts of Ca-additives.
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| 8. |
- Chen, Feng, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling efficient bioconversion of birch biomass by Lentinula edodes : regulatory roles of nitrogen and bark additions on mushroom production and cellulose saccharification
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. - : Springer. - 2190-6815 .- 2190-6823. ; 12:4, s. 1217-1227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pretreatment with edible white-rot fungi has advantages in low inputs of energy and chemicals for reducing the recalcitrance of woody biomass for bioethanol production while harvesting protein-rich food. The effectiveness of fungal pretreatment may vary with substrate composition. In this study, birch with or without bark and nitrogen additives were experimentally studied for their effects on shiitake production, substrate lignocellulosic degradation and enzymatic convertibility with cellulolytic enzymes. Whey was added as protein nitrogen and led to successful outcomes, while non-protein nitrogen urea and ammonium-nitrate resulted in mortality of fungal mycelia. The mushroom yields of one harvest were generally comparable between the treatments, averaging 651 g fresh weight per kilogram dry substrate, and high enough as to be profitable. Nitrogen loading (0.5-0.8%, dry mass) negatively affected lignin degradation and enzymatic convertibility and prolonged cultivation/pretreatment time. The added bark (0-20%) showed quadratic correlation with degradation of lignin, xylan and glucan as well as enzymatic digestibility of glucan. Nitrogen loading of < 0.6% led to maximal mass degradation of xylan and lignin at bark ratios of 4-9% and 14-19%, respectively, peak saccharification of glucan at 6-12% and the shortest pretreatment time at 8-13% bark. The designed substrates resulted in 19-35% of glucan mass loss after fungal pretreatment, less than half of the previously reported values. Nitrogen and bark additions can regulate lignocellulose degradation and saccharification of birch-based substrates. The designed substrate composition could considerably reduce cellulose consumption during fungal pretreatment, thus improving bioconversion efficiency.
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| 9. |
- Chen, Feng, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated production of edible mushroom (Auricularia auricular-judae), fermentable sugar and solid biofuel
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 170, s. 172-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to develop an energy- and resource-efficient process for the coproduction of edible mushroom, fermentable sugar and solid biofuel from wood residues. A promising potential was revealed for wood ear fungus (Auricularia auricular-judae), which yielded about 200 g mushroom per kg dry birch-based substrate, with concomitant degradation of 76.8 and 85.7% of lignin and xylan, respectively, in the substrate. Substrate pasteurisation by hot-air (85–100 °C) was as effective as by energy intensive autoclaving (121 °C), resulting comparable mushroom growth and degradation of lignocellulose. The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) contained 28–33% glucan, which upon analytical enzymatic saccharification released around 46% of the potentially-achievable glucose, corresponding to a 2.3–fold enzymatic digestibility compared with that of the raw substrate. The solid leftover generated after enzymatic hydrolysis revealed high thermal energy value and promising combustion characteristics, showing a plausibility to be recycled as solid fuel for self-supporting energy system and space heating.
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| 10. |
- Chen, Feng, et al.
(författare)
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Potential for combined production of food and biofuel : Cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius on soft- and hardwood sawdusts
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed at developing an integrated process of production of edible summer oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and preprocessing of the substrate lignocellulose for producing 2nd-generation biofuels based on softwood. Sawdust-based mushroom substrates of softwood spruce (Picea abies) versus hardwood alder (Alnus glutinosa) as a reference were used for production of summer oyster mushrooms. The substrates had been either hot-air pasteurised or steam sterilised before growing the mushroom. The potential of using spent substrate (SMS) after harvest for biofuel production was evaluated by examining the lignocellulosic composition and enzymatic convertibility. The biological efficiency of the substrates ranged 14.0-33.8% and no significant difference was observed between the treatments. The fruiting bodies had similar total protein concentrations ranging between 26.0 and 28.5% regardless of differences in treatments. The average mass degradation of Klason lignin and acid soluble lignin in the substrates after mushroom production were 35.0 and 22.6%, respectively. Glucan, the major carbohydrate component, was initially present in concentrations ranging from 24 to 29% of total dry matter and with similar concentrations observed in both alder-based and spruce-based substrates. After mushroom production, a significant difference was observed between the substrates with the lowest consumption of glucan, 3.9% of the initial mass, in the spruce-based substrate. The selective degradation ability of P. pulmonarius on the lignin fraction, rather than the cellulose component of softwood, is suggested in the present study. Between 84 and 126 g glucose was yielded per kg of dry SMS, spruce based substrates resulted a higher yield than alder substrate from enzymatic saccharification of the spent substrates. The heat treatment of the mushroom's substrate had in general a minor impact on the mushroom production and fungal pretreatment of the substrates; hot-air pasteurisation is apparently more energy efficient method than steam sterilisation.
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