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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Lu, Yu, et al.
(författare)
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Electroless deposition of nickel microbumps for fine-pith flip-chip bonding
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 2783:1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reliability of micro-light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) is closely associated with the uniformity of microbumps arrays. With continual decreases in pixel pitch in recent years, it is a challenge to guarantee the uniformity of bump arrays. To satisfy current requirements for ultra-high-density interconnections, this study proposes an electroless plating method for fabricating highly uniform nickel microbumps. This technique differs from electroplating, in which the morphology and consistency of microbumps can be easily controlled. Furthermore, it is a high-selectivity and cost-effective method of microbumps fabrication that eliminates solder wastage and avoids metal lift-off in traditional evaporation. To minimize the non-uniformity of the bumps, we aim to optimize the oxygen plasma treatment parameters and deposition intervals to eliminate the issues of skip plating, hydrogen bubble entrapment, and nodules. Under the combined effect of plasma treatment and intermittent deposition method, microbump arrays with less than 5% uniformity were successfully prepared, achieving the demands of high-density bonding. In addition, the preparation process is highly reproducible, extending the application range of this technique.
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| 4. |
- Zhou, Qun Yan, et al.
(författare)
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Information Metasurface for Simultaneous Wave Manipulations and Signal Modulations
- 2024
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Ingår i: 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2024. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, digital and programmable metasurface has evolved into a new branch as information metasurface owing to its real-time manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves and simultaneous modulation of digital signals. Here, we present the theoretical model of information metasurface and analyze its capability of wave manipulation and signal modulation. Further, we extend the single-metasurface model into a multi-metasurface one, and discuss the feasibility and application of their joint operation. Our simulation results show its performance in high-precision harmonic scattering patterns, higher-order signal modulation, and spatial localization, demonstrating the potential of information metasurface in wireless communications and radar signal processing.
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| 5. |
- Zhu, Xuanyu, et al.
(författare)
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Liquid Phase Deposition of Hafnium Oxide Thin Films
- 2024
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. - 1558-4135 .- 1070-9878. ; 31:4, s. 1659-1665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hafnium oxide (HfO2) thin films were successfully prepared by the liquid phase deposition (LPD) method. The surface appearance, composition, optical characteristics, and electrical properties of HfO2 thin films generated by LPD were studied, as well as the reaction mechanism. The results reveal that the chemical composition of HfO2 thin films generated by LPD is pure and the structure is dense and continuous. The physical and chemical properties are stable, and the film thickness is around 40 nm after sufficient growth. The transmittance of HfO2 films after annealing at 500 °C is greater than 93%, the leakage current density at 1 V is 1.38× 10-6 A/cm2, and the breakdown voltage is 6.4 V. At the same time, based on the capacitance value at 1 MHz, the dielectric constant of the HfO2 film is estimated to be around 20.4.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Deng, Liying, et al.
(författare)
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Can fluorophlogopite mica be used as an alkali metal ion source to boost the growth of two-dimensional molybdenum dioxide?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332. ; 612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Everyone familiar with two-dimensional (2D) materials is aware of fluorophlogopite mica (FM), which has an atomic-level flat surface that provides an ideal platform for the growth of 2D materials. Since it has been demonstrated that the alkali metal ions (AMI) can aid in the growth of large-sized 2D materials by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in recent years, it became a major mystery whether FM which contains AMI benefits from them in the preparation of 2D materials by CVD, too. In this article, we dispelled this ambiguity and discovered that temperature is the key for FM as an AMI source to boost the growth of large-sized 2D materials. We carried out variable temperature experiments and found that FM can indeed be incorporated into the growth of large-sized 2D materials as an AMI source at high temperatures and successfully obtained the highly crystalline MoO2 with a larger size compared to those without FM. This finding is of great importance to the understanding of the growth mechanism of FM for 2D materials by CVD and to better exploit its role in the growth of 2D materials.
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| 8. |
- Deng, Liying, et al.
(författare)
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KCl acts as a flux to assist the growth of sub-millimeter-scale metallic 2D non-layered molybdenum dioxide
- 2024
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Ingår i: Rare Metals. - 1001-0521 .- 1867-7185. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides (2DMOs), such as MoO2, have made impressive strides in recent years, and their applicability in a number of fields such as electronic devices, optoelectronic devices and lasers has been demonstrated. However, 2DMOs present challenges in their synthesis using conventional methods due to their non-van der Waals nature. We report that KCl acts as a flux to prepare large-area 2DMOs with sub-millimeter scale. We systematically investigate the effects of temperature, homogeneous time and cooling rate on the products in the flux method, demonstrating that in this reaction a saturated homogenous solution is obtained upon the melting of the salt and precursor. Afterward, the cooling rate was adjusted to regulate the thickness of the target crystals, leading to the precipitation of 2D non-layered material from the supersaturated solution; by applying this method, the highly crystalline non-layered 2D MoO2 flakes with so far the largest lateral size of up to sub-millimeter scale (~ 464 μm) were yielded. Electrical studies have revealed that the 2D MoO2 features metallic properties, with an excellent sheet resistance as low as 99 Ω·square−1 at room temperature, and exhibits a property of charge density wave in the measurement of resistivity as a function of temperature. Graphical abstract: TOC (Table of Content) (Figure presented.)
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| 9. |
- Du, Zaifa, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency enhancement of micro-light-emitting diode with shrinking size by localized surface plasmons coupling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics. - 0946-2171. ; 130:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The external quantum efficiency (EQE) enhancement of different sized GaN micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) by using localized surface plasmons (LSPs) have been studied. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are attached to the sidewalls of μLEDs by spin-coating so as to be effectively coupled with the multiple quantum well (MQW) of μLEDs and generate the LSPs. In the μLEDs with 20 × 20 μm2 large mesas, the LSPs can effectively inhibit the efficiency droop. Compared to the μLED samples without the LSPs coupling, the EQE has been enhanced by about 8% at a high current density of 20,000 A/cm2. This work confirms the effectiveness of the LSPs technology in improving the μLED performances, which is originally practiced only on the basal faces of conventional LEDs.
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| 10. |
- Duan, Sai, et al.
(författare)
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Density functional theory study on the adsorption and decomposition of the formic acid catalyzed by highly active mushroom-like Au@Pd@Pt tri-metallic nanoparticles
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 15:13, s. 4625-4633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local structures and adsorption energies of a formic acid molecule and its decomposed intermediates (H, O, OH, CO, HCOO, and COOH) on highly electrocatalytically active mushroom-like Au-core@Pd-shell@Pt-cluster nanoparticles with two atomic layers of the Pd shell and stoichiometric Pt coverage of around half-monolayer (Au@2 ML Pd@0.5 ML Pt) have been investigated by first principles calculations. The adsorption sites at the center (far away from the Pt cluster) and the edge (close to the Pt cluster) are considered and compared. Significant repulsive interaction between the edge sites and CO is observed. The calculated potential energy surfaces demonstrate that, with respect to the center sites, the CO2 pathway is considerably promoted in the edge area. Our results reveal that the unique edge structure of the Pt cluster is responsible for the experimentally observed high electrocatalytic activity of the Au@Pd@Pt nanoparticles toward formic acid oxidation. Such microscopic understanding should be useful for the design of new electrochemical catalysts.
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