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- Kullgren, Anders, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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The potential of vehicle and road infrastructure interventions in fatal bicyclist accidents on Swedish roads—What can in-depth studies tell us?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 20:sup1, s. S7-S12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of fatal crashes with bicyclists on Swedish roads in rural and urban areas and to investigate the potential of bicycle helmets and different vehicle and road infrastructure interventions to prevent them. The study has a comprehensive approach to provide road authorities and vehicle manufacturers with recommendations for future priorities. Methods: The Swedish Transport Administration’s (STA) in-depth database of fatal crashes was used for case-by-case analysis of fatal cycling accidents (2006–2016) on rural (n = 82) and urban (n = 102) roads. The database consists of information from the police, medical journals, autopsy reports, accident analyses performed by STA, and witness statements. The potential of helmet use and various vehicle and road infrastructure safety interventions was determined retrospectively for each case by analyzing the chain of events leading to the fatality. The potential of vehicle safety countermeasures was analyzed based on prognoses on their implementation rates in the Swedish vehicle fleet. Results: The most common accident scenario on rural roads was that the bicyclist was struck while cycling along the side of the road. On urban roads, the majority of accidents occurred in intersections. Most accidents involved a passenger car, but heavy trucks were also common, especially in urban areas. Most accidents occurred in daylight conditions (73%). Almost half (46%) of nonhelmeted bicyclists would have survived with a helmet. It was assessed that nearly 60% of the fatal accidents could be addressed by advanced vehicle safety technologies, especially autonomous emergency braking with the ability to detect bicyclists. With regard to interventions in the road infrastructure, separated paths for bicyclists and bicycle crossings with speed calming measures were found to have the greatest safety potential. Results indicated that 91% of fatally injured bicyclists could potentially be saved with known techniques. However, it will take a long time for such technologies to be widespread. Conclusions: The majority of fatally injured bicyclists studied could potentially be saved with known techniques. A speedy implementation of important vehicle safety systems is recommended. A fast introduction of effective interventions in the road infrastructure is also necessary, preferably with a plan for prioritization.
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| 4. |
- Stigson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Consumer testing of bicycle helmets
- 2017
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; 2017-September, s. 173-181
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current bicycle helmet standards do not include angular acceleration, for certification even though it is known that it is the dominant cause of brain injury. The objective of this study was to develop an improved test method, including oblique impacts, to evaluate helmets sold on the European market. Four physical tests were conducted, shock absorption with straight perpendicular impact and three oblique impact tests. Computer simulations were made to evaluate injury risk. In total, 17 conventional helmets and one airbag helmet were included. All helmets except five showed a linear acceleration lower than 180 g, which corresponds to a low risk of skull fracture. The airbag helmet performed three times better than the conventional helmets (48 g vs. an average of 175 g). The simulations indicated that the strain in the grey matter of the brain during oblique impacts varied between helmets from 6% to 44%, where 26% corresponds to 50% risk for a concussion. The lowest strain was measured in the brain when the airbag helmet was tested. Helmets equipped with Multi-directional Impact Protection System (MIPS) performed better than the others. However, all helmets need to reduce rotational acceleration more effectively. A helmet that meets the current standards does not necessarily prevent concussion.
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| 5. |
- Svensson, M, et al.
(författare)
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UML : How to model user interfaces - An exploratory study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference Informatics 2009, Part of the IADIS Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems, MCCSIS 2009. - Algarve. - 9789728924867 ; , s. 59-66
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- When creating software, people from many different areas are involved. To make them work efficiently together they need to communicate but communication requires a common language and common understanding. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is often used as a common ground for understanding when modeling and designing software products. However, after practically working with many large projects we have found UML to have shortcomings in the area of modeling Graphical User Interface (GUI). There are many other ways to model GUIs but it could be beneficial to use a modeling method that the more technical developers are familiar with and also beneficial to be able to put in the interface into the framework of UML when it comes to drawing applications and code generation. In this study we first of all have investigated the possibility of adding GUI design to UML and then we have explored different solutions for what a GUI UML-diagram could look like and what problems there are with diagrams when it comes to visualizing objects. We have then put forward an idea for a GUI diagram or an UML extension; a graphical element diagram, and discussed its benefits and drawbacks. © 2009 IADIS.
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