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| 4. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 5. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 6. |
- Ye, Chen-Qing, et al.
(författare)
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EIS analysis on chloride-induced corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in simulated carbonated concrete pore solutions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1572-6657. ; 688, s. 275-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in simulated carbonated concrete pore (SCCP) solution containing different concentrations of chloride was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) measurements simultaneously, and the topographies of the steel specimens and the elemental distribution at corrosion area were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM)/electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The results showed the capacitive loop and polarization resistance decreased with chloride increasing. Furthermore, when the chloride concentration reached a critical value, the Bode plots obviously exhibited two phase angle peaks indicating two time constants. However, when the chloride content exceeded a critical value, the phase angle peaks decreased to one phenomenal peak. An equivalent circuit with two RC loops was used to characterize the corrosion behavior of reinforcement steel in SCCP solution according to the measurements of EIS. Based on the dependence of the equivalent circuit elements on chloride content and immersion time, the formation, growth and breakdown of passive film of the steel were discussed. It was found that the EIS evaluation of corrosion behavior for reinforcement steel in SCCP solution was good agreement with the LPR and SEM measurements. The EMPA mapping revealed MnS inclusions at steel surface play a leading role in the initiation of pitting corrosion.
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| 7. |
- Ye, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of Metallized Pellets from Blast Furnace Dust and Electric Arc Furnace Dust Based on Microwave Impedance Matching
- 2020
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Ingår i: 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. - Cham : Springer Nature. - 9783030365400 - 9783030365394 ; , s. 569-579
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blast furnace dust and electric arc furnace dust are two typical solid wastes in iron and steel industry. In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional processes, such as low metal recovery efficiency and high secondary pollution, microwave energy was applied in this study to intensify the self-reduction of core-shell BF dust-EAF dust composite pellets based on impedance matching for realizing highly efficient migration and separation of iron, zinc, and lead. By reducing the composite pellets in microwave field, it was found that under the optimal conditions of proportion of EAF dust in shell to all EAF dust in the pellet of 20%, reduction temperature of 1000 degrees C, and dwell time of 15 min, metallized pellets with the total iron content of 68.73 wt %, iron metallization degree of 95.87%, zinc removal percentage of 88.78%, lead removal percentage of 94.38%, and compressive strength of 190.4 N/p were obtained.
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| 8. |
- Ye, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Toward environmentally friendly direct reduced iron production : A novel route of comprehensive utilization of blast furnace dust and electric arc furnace dust
- 2021
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 135, s. 389-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a novel method for producing direct reduced iron (DRI) powders based on microwave-assisted self reduction of core-shell composite pellets composed of blast furnace (BF) dust and hazardous electric arc furnace (EAF) dust followed by magnetic separation was reported. The proper core-shell structure of the composite pellets was designed according to the rule of impedance matching and properties of BF dust and EAF dust by adjusting the thickness of shell (i.e., thickness of impedance matching layer) via controlling the C/O molar ratio of the raw materials from 0.55 to 0.70. The results showed that the EAF dust with high content of CaO was beneficial to the mechanical strength of green, dried, and metallized pellets (collected after reduction), while the BF dust with high content of carbon enabled sufficient microwave-assisted reduction of the pellets, facilitating subsequent magnetic separation and also the removal of zinc from EAF dust. By reduction of the core-shell BF dust-EAF dust composite pellets with the C/O molar ratio of 0.65 at 1050 degrees C for 15 min, the resulting metallized pellets showed superior reduction and magnetic separation indexes with higher removal percentages of zinc and lead, in comparison with conventional metallized pellets. The DRI powders obtained after magnetic separation had total iron content of 91.2 wt%, iron metallization degree of 95.8%, yield of 68.1%, and iron recovery of 88.0%. This study provided a good example for efficient and environmentally friendly comprehensive utilization of typical and hazardous wastes in the iron and steel industry.
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| 9. |
- Ye, Qing, et al.
(författare)
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Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbothermic Reduction of Electric Arc Furnace Dust
- 2019
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Ingår i: 10th International Symposium On High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030059552 - 9783030059545 ; , s. 117-124
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is a kind of secondary resource which contains multiple metallic elements, including Fe, Mn and Cr. Pyrometallurgical processes for recovering metal elements from EAF dust have been investigated for many years although they are suffered from high energy consumption due to the spinel-structured components of EAF dust. In this study, the thermodynamic analysis of carbothermic reduction of EAF dust was performed. The main components of EAF dust were magnetite (Fe3O4), hausmannite (Mn3O4) and chromate spinel (FeCr2O4). The gangue minerals were mainly composed of magnesium silicates. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that magnetite and hausmannite can be reduced to metallic iron and MnO, respectively. Meanwhile, the chromate spinel will be reduced to chromium oxide and then to form CaCr2O4. The results also demonstrated that the gangue components can promote the separation of Fe and Cr, agreeing well with the experimental results.
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| 10. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2010
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