| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Avendal, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Diversity performance of multiband antennas for compact mobile terminals
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spatial diversity is a popular multiple antenna system technique, due to simplicity in implementation. However, its application has thus far been limited to systems where the electrical separation between adjacent antennas typically exceeds half a wavelength. This is because a more compact design induces higher antenna correlation and impedance mismatch, which results in lower diversity gains. In this paper, the performance of a compact multiband diversity antenna is investigated in both simulations and measurements. The dual-antenna structure is designed for the future WCDMA bands of WCDMA850, WCDMA1800 and 3G EU (UMTS), where the antenna separation at the WCDMA850 band is 0.24*wavelength. The measured results indicate that an average effective diversity gain of 7.3 dB at the 1% probability level can be achieved for the three bands.
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| 3. |
- Avendal, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Multiband diversity antenna performance study for mobile phones
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT), 2007. - 1424410886 ; , s. 193-196
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spatial diversity is a popular multiple antenna system technique, due to simplicity in implementation. However, its application has thus far been limited to systems where the electrical separation between adjacent antennas typically exceeds half a wavelength. This is because a more compact design induces higher antenna correlation and impedance mismatch, which results in lower diversity gains. In this paper, the performance of a compact multiband diversity antenna is investigated in both simulations and measurements. The dual-antenna structure is designed for the future WCDMA bands of WCDMA850, WCDMA1800 and 3G EU (UMTS), where the antenna separation at the WCDMA850 band is 0.24*wavelength. The measured results indicate that an average effective diversity gain of 7.3 dB at the 1% probability level can be achieved for the three bands
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| 4. |
- Bolin, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Two-antenna receive diversity performance in indoor environment
- 2005
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Ingår i: Electronics Letters. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). - 1350-911X .- 0013-5194. ; 41:22, s. 1205-1206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Receive diversity gain performance of a two-antenna setup in an office environment is reported. The terminal is handheld in front of the user simulating a data mode scenario while walking around. The dual polarised base station sector antenna is placed at the end of a corridor. The results indicate that experimentally achieved diversity performance is similar to previously predicted theoretical data.
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| 5. |
- Chung, Min Keun, et al.
(författare)
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LuMaMi28 : Real-Time Millimeter-Wave Multi-User MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. - 1536-1276. ; 22:11, s. 7944-7960
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents LuMaMi28, a real-time 28GHz multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) testbed. In this testbed, the base station has 16 transceiver chains with a fully-digital beamforming architecture (with different pre-coding algorithms) and simultaneously supports multiple user equipments (UEs) with spatial multiplexing. The UEs are equipped with a beam-switchable antenna array for real-time antenna selection where the one with the highest channel magnitude, out of four pre-defined beams, is selected. For the beam-switchable antenna array, we consider two kinds of UE antennas, with different beam-width and different peak-gain. Based on this testbed, we provide measurement results for millimeter-wave (mmWave) MU-MIMO performance in different real-life scenarios with static and mobile UEs. We explore the potential benefit of the mmWave MU-MIMO systems with antenna selection based on measured channel data, and discuss the performance results through real-time measurements.
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| 6. |
- Chung, Min Keun, et al.
(författare)
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Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Testbed with Hybrid Beamforming
- 2020
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Ingår i: Conference Record of the 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, ACSSC 2020. - 1058-6393. - 9780738131269 ; 2020-November, s. 309-313
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Massive multiple-input multiple-out (MIMO) technology is vital in millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands to obtain large array gains. However, there are practical challenges, such as high hardware cost and power consumption in such systems. A promising solution to these problems is to adopt a hybrid beamforming architecture. This architecture has a much lower number of transceiver (TRx) chains than the total antenna number, resulting in cost- and energy-efficient systems. In this paper, we present a real-time mmWave (28GHz) massive MIMO testbed with hybrid beamforming. This testbed has a 64-antenna/16-TRx unit for beam-selection, which can be expanded to larger array sizes in a modular way. For testing everything from baseband processing algorithms to scheduling and beam-selection in real propagation environments, we extend the capability of an existing 100-antenna/100-TRx massive MIMO testbed (below 6GHz), built upon software-defined radio technology, to a flexible mmWave massive MIMO system.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gunnarsson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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MmWave Massive MIMO in Real Propagation Environment : Performance Evaluation Using LuMaMi28GHz
- 2021
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Ingår i: 55th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, ACSSC 2021. - 9781665458283 ; , s. 80-84
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents measurement and analysis results for millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) performance in different real-life scenarios with moderate user equipment (UE) mobility. For the measurement campaign, the developed massive MIMO testbed operating at 28GHz called LuMaMi28GHz is employed. In this testbed, the base station has 16 transceiver chains with a fully digital beamforming architecture (with different pre-coding algorithms) and simultaneously supports multiple users with spatial multiplexing. The UEs are equipped with a beam-switchable antenna array for real-time antenna selection where the one with the highest channel magnitude, out of four pre-defined beams, is selected. We explore the potential benefit and features of mmWave massive MIMO systems with antenna selection based on both measured (and recorded) channel data and real-time system performance evaluation.
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