| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 4. |
- Zhang, Huai, et al.
(författare)
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A global survey on the use of the international classification of diseases codes for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Hepatology international. - 1936-0541.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the implementation of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the publication of the metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) nomenclature in 2020, it is important to establish consensus for the coding of MAFLD in ICD-11. This will inform subsequent revisions of ICD-11.Using the Qualtrics XM and WJX platforms, questionnaires were sent online to MAFLD-ICD-11 coding collaborators, authors of papers, and relevant association members.A total of 890 international experts in various fields from 61 countries responded to the survey. We also achieved full coverage of provincial-level administrative regions in China. 77.1% of respondents agreed that MAFLD should be represented in ICD-11 by updating NAFLD, with no significant regional differences (77.3% in Asia and 76.6% in non-Asia, p=0.819). Over 80% of respondents agreed or somewhat agreed with the need to assign specific codes for progressive stages of MAFLD (i.e. steatohepatitis) (92.2%), MAFLD combined with comorbidities (84.1%), or MAFLD subtypes (i.e., lean, overweight/obese, and diabetic) (86.1%).This global survey by a collaborative panel of clinical, coding, health management and policy experts, indicates agreement that MAFLD should be coded in ICD-11. The data serves as a foundation for corresponding adjustments in the ICD-11 revision.
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| 5. |
- Fan, Jin, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of ultra-wideband Bowtie antennas for phased array feed application
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1096-4290 .- 1099-047X. ; 30:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, two new ultra-wideband (UWB) dual-polarized Bowtie antennas are investigated as the elements for a phased array feed for reflectors. In addition to its UWB impedance matching characteristic, the Bowtie antennas have stable large beam-width and a low cross-polar level over a wide frequency band with a compact size, which is an essence for phased array applications. The simulated and measured results state a low ohmic loss, good impedance matching (S11 below −15 dB) and good radiation performance, with a simple structure for easy manufacturing. The proposed antennas can be good candidates for phased array feed (PAF) in FAST and the SKA (square kilometer array) pathfinder PHAROS2 projects, and massive MIMO antennas in wireless communication systems.
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| 6. |
- Dang, Wen, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-wideband, Wide Scanning Phased Array for SATCOM Ground Station
- 2022
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Ingår i: 2022 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, ISAP 2022. ; , s. 57-58
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the unit cell of a linearly polarised, ultra-wideband (UWB), wide scanning array antenna based on the tightly-coupled dipole antenna (TCDA) concept for cost-effective Ku/Ka-band SATCOM ground station applications. The TCDA unit cell is fed by a coaxial structure and several vias are used to broaden the bandwidth. In addition, a superstrate, functioning as a wide angle impedance matching (WAIM) layer, is employed to achieve together with an E-wall to reduce surface-waves. The simulated results show that the proposed TCDA provide a large bandwidth from 10.6-27.8 GHz at VSWR ≤ 2.0 at broadside radiation. Scanning angles up to 65° and 75° at the E- and H-plane, respectively, are maintained over the desired frequency of 12-1S GHz at VSWR ≤ 2.5.
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| 7. |
- Kon, Ryosuke, et al.
(författare)
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Wideband H-slot antenna fed by substrate integrated gap waveguide for mmWave arrays
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2020 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, ISAP 2020. ; , s. 577-578
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a wideband slot antenna design based on the substrate integrated gap waveguide technology for millimetre wave applications. The proposed antenna is realized using the H-shaped slot (H-slot) to improve impedance bandwdith. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth at S11 ≤-15 dB from 24-29.5 GHz resulting in a 20.5% fractional bandwidth. Hence, the designed slot antenna can potentially be used as the radiating element of an array antenna for fixed-beam point-to-point applications.
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| 8. |
- Yong, Wai Yan, et al.
(författare)
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4×4 magneto-electric dipole array with single-layer corporate-feed ridge gap waveguide for mmWave applications
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2020 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, ISAP 2020. ; , s. 573-574
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents simulations results of a 4×4 magneto-electric dipole (MED) array antenna fed by a single- layer corporate-feed ridge gap waveguide (RGW) for millimeter wave applications. The designed antenna model consists of two unconnected metal layers: the top radiating layer and the bottom corporate-feed RGW layer. Hence, the antenna profile can be lowered since no intermediate cavity layer is required. The MED radiating element shows a larger impedance bandwidth compared to the conventional single layer array antenna. The S11 ≤ -10 dB bandwidth of the simulated antenna is from 24 - 29 GHz, resulting in a 18.9% impedance bandwidth. The realized antenna gain is greater than approximately 19.6 dBi.
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| 9. |
- Yong, Wai Yan, et al.
(författare)
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5G Wideband Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna Fed by a Single-Layer Corporate-Feed Network based on Ridge Gap Waveguide
- 2020
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Ingår i: 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP 2020.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a wideband magneto-electric (ME) dipole fed by a single-layer corporate-feed network based on the ridge gap waveguide (RGW) transmission line technology for 5G backhauling applications. The proposed antenna is composed of two layers. The top layer is the radiating layer that is composed of the 2 x 2 ME-dipole antenna element. The bottom layer is the corporate-feed network designed based on RGW. The proposed solution differs from the conventional solution where a slot antenna is fed by RGW and a cavity layer is to excite the radiating elements in order to provide a large spacing for the corporate-feed network in the design of the array antenna. Our new design allows for a smaller antenna volume as it excited the antenna directly by the RGW without the need of cavity layer. In addition, with the use of the ME-dipole radiating element, the bandwidth performance supported by the proposed design is larger as compared to the existing conventional designs. From the obtained simulation results, the proposed antenna produces S-11 <= -10 dB over 24 - 30 GHz resulting in a 22% fractional bandwidth. The maximum directivity over the operating bandwidth of the simulated 2 x 2 ME-dipole antenna element is approximately 15.4 dBi. Thus, the proposed antenna is a good candidate for low profile fixed-beam applications.
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| 10. |
- Yong, Wai Yan, et al.
(författare)
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A Bandwidth-Enhanced Cavity-Backed Slot Array Antenna for mmWave Fixed-Beam Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. - 1548-5757 .- 1536-1225. ; 19:11, s. 1924-1928
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bandwidth-enhanced 8\times 8 cavity-backed slot array antenna for fixed beam applications is presented. The antenna consists of four 2\times 2 subarrays fed by ridge gap waveguide and a modified bow-tie coupling slot in the cavity layer. The proposed bow-tie coupling slot provides additional \text{10}\% impedance bandwidth as compared to the traditional rectangular coupling slot. The fabricated prototype demonstrates an S 11 leq -10,dB fractional impedance bandwidth and a 3\,dB gain-drop bandwidth of approximately \text{28}\% and \text{25}\%, respectively, with peak gain of 26.4\,dBi, aperture efficiency >\text{60}\% and cross-polar discrimination >40\,dB. Measurements show good agreement with simulations. Moreover, we show the impact of the dimensions and shape of the cavity coupling slot on the bandwidth enhancement. The bandwidth enhancement is explained by the double-ridge slot behavior of the bow-tie coupling slot, which shows a more wideband behavior than the traditional rectangular coupling slot behaving like a cross section of a waveguide.
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