| 1. |
- Dong, Shichang, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanistic critical heat flux model development for subcooled flow boiling based on superheated liquid sublayer depletion
- 2022
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Ingår i: Progress in nuclear energy (New series). - : Elsevier BV. - 0149-1970 .- 1878-4224. ; 153, s. 104445-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Critical heat flux (CHF) refers to the limit of boiling transfer systems, and crossing this limit may jeopardize system safety. However, a clear understanding of the physical mechanisms of CHF is still lacking. In this study, a new CHF prediction model based on superheated sublayer depletion was established for subcooled flow boiling in an upward vertical tube at low pressure. The model is characterized by its developed determination of the superheated liquid sublayer thickness, net vapor generation location, forced convection heat transfer and liquid supplement caused by bubble turbulent fluctuations. The proposed CHF model was validated by a database covering the low pressure subcooled operational ranging over P = 0.1-2.15 MPa, G = 0.7-35 Mg/m2s, Delta Tin = 11-183.16 K, D = 0.7-12 mm, L/D = 4.2-115.55, and xeqout = -0.2673-0.0843. The model can accurately predict the trend of thermal-hydraulic and geometric factors' effects on the CHF. The prediction results have good prediction accuracy with an root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 15.21%, and overall error of +/- 25%. The proposed model also shows good adaptation to a non-water (refrigerant 113 and liquid nitrogen) system.
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| 2. |
- Dong, Shichang, et al.
(författare)
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Theoretical model for subcooled upward flow boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux for an inclined downward heated surface
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0017-9310 .- 1879-2189. ; 213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The in-vessel retention system and ex-vessel retention system are very important to the safety of nu-clear power plants under severe accidents. While the success of such safety systems relies on well un-derstanding the corresponding physical mechanisms of boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF). Challenges till remain in accurately predicting the subcooled flow boiling curve especially in the low-pressure and low-flow conditions due to its complex boiling phenomenon. The present study introduces a theoretical model to predict the boiling curve and critical heat flux for subcooled flow boiling in in-clined downward heated rectangular channel. The proposed model well estimates the transition from forced convection, isolated bubble nucleate boiling to fully developed boiling regime by considering the growth and interaction of bubbles. Through probability analysis of bubbles' interaction, the proportion of heat flux in different boiling regimes is determined. In addition, the flow boiling CHF is predicted based on the probability analysis of dry spots. The new model is validated by the subcooled flow boil-ing experiments with vertical single-side heated channel under low-pressure and low-flow conditions. The predicted boiling curves are consistent with experimental results corresponding to different thermal-hydraulic parameters, such as pressure, mass flux, inlet subcooling and wall wettability (hydrophilic and hydrophobic), and the prediction error of CHF is within & PLUSMN;15%. Furthermore, the inclination effect on CHF is validated by the subcooled flow boiling experiments in inclined channel with the inclination angle varying from 0 & DEG; to 90 & DEG;, which shows the good applicability of the developed model.
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| 3. |
- Gong, Yaopeng, et al.
(författare)
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Density Measurement of Molten Drop With Aerodynamic Levitation and Laser Heating
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermophysical properties of molten core materials (corium) are necessary input parameters of models and computer codes which predict the severe accident progression in light water reactors. The corium contains the components of UO2, ZrO2, Zr and Fe. The measurement of molten corium properties is a very challenging task due to high melting points of corium which can reach 3000 K. This paper presents a density measurement system for a molten drop based on techniques of aerodynamic levitation, laser heating and image processing. A sphere of alumina was firstly levitated by argon gas flow above a conical converging-diverging nozzle. The sphere was then heated up and melted into a liquid drop by a laser beam. The shape of the drop was recorded by a high-speed camera, and the density was calculated from image processing.
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| 4. |
- Gong, Yaopeng, et al.
(författare)
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Surface Tension Measurement of Molten Zirconia with Aerodynamic Levitation and Laser Heating
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering "Nuclear, Thermal, and Renewables: United to Provide Carbon Neutral Power", ICONE 2023. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermophysical properties of corium are required in models and computer codes to predict the severe accident progression in light water reactors. However, the measurement of molten corium properties is challenging due to high melting points. This paper presents a surface tension measurement system for molten zirconia based on techniques of aerodynamic levitation and laser heating. Zirconia is one of the main components in corium and aerodynamic levitation is a contactless method to avoid interactions between the sample and container wall at high temperatures. A sample of zirconia was levitated by argon gas flow above a conical converging-diverging nozzle and then melted into a droplet by laser beams. The oscillation of molten zirconia was imaged by a high-speed camera. The resonant frequency was then obtained through image processing. Finally, the surface tension was derived according to the Rayleigh formula.
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| 5. |
- Gong, Yaopeng, et al.
(författare)
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Viscosity measurement of molten alumina and zirconia using aerodynamic levitation, laser heating and droplet oscillation techniques
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier BV. - 2405-8440. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reliable thermophysical properties of core melt (corium) are essential for the accurate prediction of the severe accident progression in light water reactors. Zirconia is one of the most important materials in corium. Despite the high interest in the viscosity of molten zirconia, few experimental data have been reported due to its high melting temperature and high vapor pressure. In the present study, the viscosity of molten zirconia was measured using aerodynamic levitation, laser heating and droplet oscillation techniques. A material sample was levitated by argon gas flow in a conical nozzle and then melted into a droplet by laser beams. The initial quiescent droplet was forced to oscillate by the excitation of a loudspeaker, and the viscosity was deduced based on the characteristics of the droplet damped oscillation after the loudspeaker was turned off. The viscosity of molten alumina was first measured for verification of the measurement system. Afterwards the viscosity of molten zirconia was measured. The results showed that the viscosity of molten zirconia at melting temperature (2988K) was 12.87 ± 1.03 mPa s and decreased with increasing temperature. The measurement uncertainties are within 21 %.
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| 6. |
- Li, Xiangyu, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of two-phase flow pattern in porous media based on signal feature extraction
- 2022
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Ingår i: Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0955-5986 .- 1873-6998. ; 83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The statistical analysis methods based on differential pressure signals of two-phase flow are employed in the present study to identify the flow patterns in packed porous bed. The typical flow pattern images of two-phase flow in the packed porous beds are recognized and the corresponding differential pressure signals are recorded based on the visualization experiments. Then the statistical analysis methods, including probability density function (PDF), power spectral density (PSD), and wavelet energy spectrum (WES), are employed to extract the features of differential pressure signals in the time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency domain respectively. The dimensionless parameters are proposed as the evaluation index to quantify the differences among flow patterns. The results show that the PDF, PSD, and WES methods can effectively characterize different flow patterns in the time, frequency, and time-frequency domain, respectively. The comprehensive recognition efficiency is about 88.5% using the introduced dimensionless parameters.
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| 7. |
- Liu, Jiebin, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of an External Perpendicular Oscillation on Stability of a Vertical Falling Liquid Film
- 2020
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Ingår i: Microgravity, science and technology. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 0938-0108 .- 1875-0494. ; 32:5, s. 787-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A vertical falling Newtonian liquid film flow is inherently unstable to surficial long-wave disturbances. Imposing external oscillation can stabilize the long-wave instability, but also triggers additional parametric instabilities. The effect of oscillation frequency on the stability is subtle. By using the “viscosity-gravity” scaling, the effect of oscillation frequency on the stability can be investigated exhaustively by separating it from other control parameters. In this paper, the effects of external perpendicular oscillation on the stability of a vertical falling liquid film are then investigated by a combination of linear stability analyses based on Floquet theory and numerical simulations with an unsteady weighted residual model (WRM). The linear analyses show that, increasing oscillation amplitude always has a stabilizing effect on the long-wave instability. On the other hand, increasing or decreasing oscillation frequency can suppress the long-wave instability, depending on whether the oscillation amplitude or the acceleration is fixed. The effect of varying oscillation frequency on the long-wave instability is opposite to that on the parametric instabilities. The long-wave and parametric instabilities compete with each other as the oscillation amplitude and frequency are varied with the Reynolds number fixed. A weakness of the long-wave instability always accompanies enhancements of the parametric instabilities, and vice versa. As a contrast, an increase of Reynolds number always results in more unstable long-wave and parametric instabilities. The numerical simulations with the WRM show that the wave amplitudes and the minimal local thickness of film are proportional to the unstable wavenumbers range rather than the growth rate of the instability. For a given oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, there exist a critical oscillation amplitude above which externally imposed oscillations perpendicular to the transversal direction of the film can also trigger a chaotic behavior in the film, just like what happens in the case where the oscillation is parallel to the stream-wise direction of the film.
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| 8. |
- Lu, Junjing, et al.
(författare)
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An improved sectional model to simulate multi-component aerosol dynamics in a containment of pressurized water reactor
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Aerosol Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-8502 .- 1879-1964. ; 157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simulating an evolving aerosol population in a reactor containment is essential for estimating the radioactivity that is possible to leak to the environment. In this study, a sectional model is developed to simulate multi-component aerosol dynamics in the containment during severe ac-cidents of a pressurized water reactor by improving the widely used MAEROS (Multicomponent AEROSol) model. An important advantage of the improved model is its simplified calculation method by introducing a series of correction factors to the equation coefficients when the thermal boundary conditions and the aerosol particle density in the containment change continuously. In addition, the restriction of the maximum section number in the MAEROS model is removed. The reliability of the model is validated against four analytical solutions and three sets of test data. Moreover, the improvements in the model are also proven to be necessary to effectively capture the influences of thermal boundary conditions and aerosol particle density on aerosol dynamics.
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| 9. |
- Ma, Weimin, et al.
(författare)
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In-Vessel Melt Retention of Pressurized Water Reactors : Historical Review and Future Research Needs
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2095-8099. ; 2:1, s. 103-111
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A historical review of in-vessel melt retention (IVR) is given, which is a severe accident mitigation measure extensively applied in Generation III pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The idea of IVR actually originated from the back-fitting of the Generation II reactor Loviisa VVER-440 in order to cope with the core-melt risk. It was then employed in the new deigns such as Westinghouse AP1000, the Korean APR1400 as well as Chinese advanced PWR designs HPR1000 and CAP1400. The most influential phenomena on the IVR strategy are in-vessel core melt evolution, the heat fluxes imposed on the vessel by the molten core, and the external cooling of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). For in-vessel melt evolution, past focus has only been placed on the melt pool convection in the lower plenum of the RPV; however, through our review and analysis, we believe that other in-vessel phenomena, including core degradation and relocation, debris formation, and coolability and melt pool formation, may all contribute to the final state of the melt pool and its thermal loads on the lower head. By looking into previous research on relevant topics, we aim to identify the missing pieces in the picture. Based on the state of the art, we conclude by proposing future research needs.
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| 10. |
- Min, Jinkun, et al.
(författare)
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An experimental study on steam explosion of a small melt jet falling into a water pool
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nuclear Engineering and Design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0029-5493 .- 1872-759X. ; 391
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To address the mechanisms and influential factors of steam explosions which may occur during severe accidents in a nuclear power plant (NPP), the VULCAN apparatus is designed and built to investigate the characteristics of a steam explosion when molten material falls into a water pool. The test facility is composed of a high-speed measurement system and an induction furnace which enables preparation and delivery a small melt jet at temperature up to 1500 degrees C. In the first campaign of tests, tin is employed as the simulant of melt material, and the steam explosion process and pressure signals of a small molten tin jet falling into a deep water pool are recorded by a high-speed camera and a high-frequency pressure sensor, respectively. Debris particles from part test are collected and sieved for analysis of morphology and size distribution of the particles. Multiple occur-rences of steam explosion are observed during the traveling of the melt jet into the water pool, with several cycles of expansion-contraction in each occurrence of steam explosion. The time interval between two occurrences is around 80 ms and between two cycles is around 4 ms. For the melt mass ranging from 20 to 140 g in the present study, it is found that the number of steam explosion occurrences increases with the melt mass. Both the pressure impulse and the conversion ratio of steam explosion increase with melt mass. However, the pressure impulse and conversion ratio do not have a monotonic relation with melt superheat, and the conversion ratio increase with melt superheat when it is below a threshold (370 degrees C), but decrease above the threshold.
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