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- Bergiers, Anneleen, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Rolling Resistance Measuring Equipment : Pilot Study
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This research is part of the MIRIAM project (Models for rolling resistance In Road Infrastructure Asset Management systems), which aims at developing methods for improved control of road transport carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in order to obtain sustainable and environmental friendly road infrastructure.As a first part of MIRIAM, a “Phase 1” was conducted in 2010-2011. It is planned to start a “Phase 2” in 2012.MIRIAM is divided into five sub-projects. Sub-project number 1 (SP 1) is designated “Measurement methods and surface properties model”, and lead by Ulf Sandberg, VTI. Within SP 1, one of the major tasks is to study various measurement methods and the performance of available measurement equipment for rolling resistance, with a focus on measuring the pavement properties. As part of this task, in 2011 an international experiment was conducted to compare the measurement devices available within the MIRIAM project. This comparison experiment was popularly called “Round Robin Test” (RRT), which is the name used in this report.The RRT was organized from 6 to 10 June 2011 on the test track owned by IFSTTAR in Nantes, France. Three institutes participated with their rolling resistance trailers: BASt, BRRC, and TUG. The practical organization was coordinated by IFSTTAR and the technical organization by BRRC. Texture measurements were performed by BRRC to verify the homogeneity of the test sections. Measurements on drums in laboratories were performed by BASt and TUG with the same tyres as used in the RRT.At a later stage also truck rolling resistance measurements were carried out on a smaller selection of surfaces on the test track in Nantes. However, when this report was written these measurement results were not yet available.This experiment was, as far as the authors are aware, the first time when this type of devices was compared.This report presents the RRT in terms of how it was carried out and the results obtained.
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| 2. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Road surface influence on tyre/road rolling resistance
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rolling resistance is a form of energy loss caused by the interaction between a rolling tyre and the road surface. This functional property of road surfaces and also of tyres is one of the most important from both an economical and environmental point of view; something which is acknowledged widely with regard to tyres but which is most often totally neglected with regard to road surfaces. There seems to be the misconception that rolling resistance is a property of tyres alone, rather than an interaction in which both components are equally “guilty”, just like the cases of skid resistance or tyre/road noise.Road surfaces are traditionally selected essentially based on properties such as skid resistance, durability and cost; sometimes also ride comfort and tyre/road noise emission are considered. But rolling resistance is practically never considered.One reason why rolling resistance properties of road surfaces are hardly ever given any importance is the lack of practical measurement methods and thus a lack of data. Rolling resistance of tyres is measured on laboratory drums using ISO and SAE methods but to take these methods out on the road is virtually impossible. The lack of proper measurements has resulted in ignorance about the effect of road surface on rolling resistance.In order to develop and study measurement methods, there must be a basic understanding of the influencing parameters as well as what energy losses that should be included in the concept of rolling resistance. A report which intended to provide basic knowledge about the influence on rolling resistance of various parameters, suggest a definition of rolling resistance and provide some detailed state-of-the-art knowledge about the measurement methods and equipment that are useful for collecting rolling resistance data is already published within project MIRIAM [Sandberg (ed), 2011].This report presents earlier as well as recent measurements of rolling resistance on a number of road surface types in various countries. Based on these data a relation between rolling resistance, as measured by the special trailers used in this project, and road surface parameters is suggested. This relation may be seen as a kind of source model; explaining the sources of the energy losses and its effects on rolling resistance.
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| 3. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Rolling resistance : basic information and state-of-the-art on measurement methods. Final version
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- MIRIAM has established a sub-project (SP), designated SP 1, to deal with measurement methods for rolling resistance and related issues. This subject forms the most fundamental basis for the MIRIAM ambition to consider rolling resistance in pavement management or other types of infrastructure systems. Without robust measurement methods and equipment that can use them there will be no reliable data as input to such systems and the end result will be most uncertain, if useful at all.In order to develop and study measurement methods, there must be a basic understanding of the influencing parameters as well as what energy losses that should be included in the concept of rolling resistance. These issues are, therefore, important parts of the work in SP 1.This report is intended to provide basic knowledge about the part of the tyre and road interaction which relates to rolling resistance; for example, the mechanisms that create rolling resistance, and the influence on rolling resistance of various tyre and road parameters. The intention is also to suggest a definition of rolling resistance for the purposes of this project, as well as to provide some detailed state-of-the-art knowledge about the measurement methods and equipment that are useful for collecting rolling resistance data.
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| 4. |
- Sandberg, Ulf, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Rolling Resistance : Measurement Methods for Studies of Road Surface Effects
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is intended to provide basic knowledge about measurement methods which relate to the road surface influence on rolling resistance, as well as to provide some information about equipment that are useful for collecting rolling resistance data. The methods used were literature studies, compiling experience from recent research projects (not yet reported), using other Deliverables in MIRIAM SP 1 and, above all; a rather extensive field experiment within MIRIAM called the round robin test.The work in MIRIAM is the first time one has looked at rolling resistance measurement methods applicable to road surface effects systematically, and evaluated various measurement equipment, both in some detail and from an overall point of view.As an overall conclusion it may be stated that rolling resistance measurement methods are still in their infancy. This applies to testing of tyres, where the many standards produced so far totally miss that the rolling resistance is a tyre/road interaction and therefore have serious drawbacks. This also applies to testing road surfaces where the tyre/road interaction has indeed been a major concern from the beginning, but where field testing appears to be extremely difficult.Whereas Phase One provided fair possibilities to study rolling resistance of car tyres, there was very little possibility to study measurements with heavy vehicles and their tyres. As the latter are the sources for a major part of the transportation fuel consumption and air pollution (perhaps up to half of it), this means that Phase One of MIRIAM SP1 had resources to address only a limited part of the measurement problem.This report includes comprehensive lists of research needs, both in general and within the next Phase of MIRIAM.Phase One of MIRIAM gave the partners a lot more knowledge about rolling resistance measurements, which will be most useful in further work. The work and its result have created a good platform from which further steps can be taken in Phase Two of MIRIAM. This report should provide major progress towards the goal of producing a useful measurement method and standard.
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