| 1. |
- Åsberg, Jakob, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Social and individual aspects of classroom learning in students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: an action research pilot study on assessment.
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Journal of Special Needs Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1469-591X .- 0885-6257. ; 27:1, s. 115-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paper reports on the outcome of an ongoing action research project at a school for higher-functioning students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Sweden. The overall aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a questionnaire that captures social and individual aspects of classroom learning suitable for use with students with ASD. Interview data is presented on the perceived utility of the questionnaire for understanding and planning classroom instruction for the children with ASD through the eyes of the students’ teachers and their parents, as assessed during an Individual Education Plan meeting. Further, teacher ratings obtained by means of the instrument were found to differentiate a group of students with ASD (n = 10) from a group of typically developing children matched with regard to grade year, word reading ability and receptive vocabulary (n = 10). Implications and future directions are discussed, as are limitations of this pilot study.
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| 2. |
- Backman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Functioning and quality of life in transition-aged youth on the autism spectrum – associations with autism symptom severity and mental health problems
- 2023
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Ingår i: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. - 1750-9467 .- 1878-0237. ; 104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research notes difficulties in functioning and low quality of life (QoL) among transition-age youth on the autism spectrum, and poor mental health may contribute to these difficulties. This study examined the role of autism symptom severity and mental health problems on self-reported functioning and QoL in treatment-seeking transition-age autistic youth. The study included 140 autistic youth (16–25 years, M = 20.44 (SD = 2.95); n = 91 females [65%], n = 42 males [30%], n = 7 non-binary [5%]). We assessed functioning using a structured interview and QoL through a self-report questionnaire. Factors potentially associated with functioning and QoL were assessed using standardized self-report questionnaires of autism symptom severity, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and information from medical records. Participants reported functioning on the 90th percentile compared to general population norms, indicating significant disability, and also rated low overall QoL. Regression analysis showed that autism symptom severity and anxiety symptoms, and to some extent gender and having an ADHD diagnosis, explained 46% of the variance in overall functioning. Symptoms of anxiety and depression, and to a lesser extent, active friendship, explained 43% of the variance in QoL. Sampling limitations of the study include the overrepresentation of women and newly diagnosed participants. We highlight that functioning and QoL are multifactorial, necessitating a comprehensive assessment of transition-aged autistic youth, including mental health problems, to plan tangible interventions.
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| 3. |
- Jonsson, Ulf, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Annual Research Review : Quality of life and childhood mental and behavioural disorders - a critical review of the research.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 58:4, s. 439-469
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: An individual's subjective perception of well-being is increasingly recognized as an essential complement to clinical symptomatology and functional impairment in children's mental health. Measurement of quality of life (QoL) has the potential to give due weight to the child's perspective.SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY: Our aim was to critically review the current evidence on how childhood mental disorders affect QoL. First, the major challenges in this research field are outlined. Then we present a systematic review of QoL in children and adolescents aged 0-18 years formally diagnosed with a mental and behavioural disorder, as compared to healthy or typically developing children or children with other health conditions. Finally, we discuss limitations of the current evidence base and future directions based on the results of the systematic review and other relevant literature.FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review identified 41 eligible studies. All were published after the year 2000 and 21 originated in Europe. The majority examined QoL in neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (k = 17), autism spectrum disorder (k = 6), motor disorders (k = 5) and intellectual disability (k = 4). Despite substantial heterogeneity, studies demonstrate that self-reported global QoL is significantly reduced compared to typical/healthy controls across several disorders and QoL dimensions. Parents' ratings were on average substantially lower, casting doubt on the validity of proxy-report. Studies for large diagnostic groups such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, (early onset) schizophrenia and eating disorders are largely lacking. We conclude that representative, well-characterized normative and clinical samples as well as longitudinal and qualitative designs are needed to further clarify the construct of QoL, to derive measures of high ecological validity, and to examine how QoL fluctuates over time and is attributable to specific conditions or contextual factors.
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| 4. |
- Mahdi, Soheil, et al.
(författare)
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Short ADHD intervention (SAINT) : Psychological treatment for adults with ADHD
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: SAINT is based on previous research on a CBT manual for adults with ADHD, now shortened to 5 individual-sessions with a follow-up session one month after treatment. It will be compared to an established self-help manual for adults with ADHD, provided through internet. Will SAINT produce an increased everyday function measured with AAQoL compared to control group? If so, is the increased function related to a higher adherence to treatment methods and homework in SAINT?Methods: A randomized controlled study design is applied where SAINT is compared to an active control condition. Asessments are made before treatment, during treatment, immediately after treatment, one month and three months after treatment. Both groups receive treatment during five weeks with a booster session one month after the fifth session. Outcome measures include everyday function, quality of life and ADHD symptoms, among others. The study is conducted in a specialist health care clinic in Stockholm.Results: To date, 71 participants have been randomized to one of two treatment conditions. 20 more participants will be recruited during 2023 and the final results will be analyzed in early 2024. Preliminary data on the outcome measures will be presented at the ADHD World Congress.Conclusions: In case of promising results, SAINT could be offered to patients immediately after diagnosis, thus increasing access to CBT for adults with ADHD.
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| 5. |
- Nyström, Pär, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Responding to Other People's Direct Gaze : Alterations in Gaze Behavior in Infants at Risk for Autism Occur on Very Short Timescales
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 47:11, s. 3498-3509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atypical gaze processing has been reported in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here we explored how infants at risk for ASD respond behaviorally to others' direct gaze. We assessed 10-month-olds with a sibling with ASD (high risk group; n = 61) and a control group (n = 18) during interaction with an adult. Eye-tracking revealed less looking at the adult in the high risk group during 300-1000 ms after the adult initiated direct gaze: a short alteration that is likely to go unnoticed by the naked eye. Data aggregated over longer segments (the traditional eye-tracking approach) showed no group differences. Although findings are limited by lack of outcome data, they are in line with theories linking atypical eye processing to the emergence of ASD.
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| 6. |
- Stahl, Günter, et al.
(författare)
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Linking institutional context to the community and career embeddedness of skilled migrants: The role of destination‑ and origin‑country identifcations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - 0047-2506.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Migration is one of the most pressing global issues of our time. However, relatively little is known about the factors and mechanisms that govern the post-migration experiences of skilled migrants. We adopt an acculturation- and social identitybased approach to examine how diferences between institutional characteristics in the destination and origin country, as well as migrants’ experiences with formal and informal institutions shape their identifcation with the destination and origin country and contribute to their community and career embeddedness. Our study of 1709 highly skilled migrants from 48 origin countries in 12 destination countries reveals that the institutional environment migrants encounter provides both sources of opportunity (potential for human development and value-congruent societal practices) and sources of disadvantage (experienced ethnocentrism and downgrading). These contrasting dynamics afect migrants’ destination-country identifcation, their origin-country identifcation and, ultimately, their embeddedness in the destination country. Our results have important implications for multinational enterprises and policy makers that can contribute to enhancing skilled migrants’ community and career embeddedness. For example, these actors may nurture a work environment and provide supportive policies that bufer against the institutional sources of disadvantage we identifed in this study, while helping migrants to leverage the opportunities available in the destination country
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Zander, Eric
(författare)
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Standardizing diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorder : assets and challenges
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis was to study some previously under-researched psychometric properties of the standardized diagnostic instruments Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised [ADI-R] and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS] as well as the standardized Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition [VABS-II] in order to improve current diagnostic practice. Excellent interpersonal objectivity operationalized as interrater reliability of the ADI-R and the ADOS has been reported from research settings with highly trained, research reliable examiners. However, there are no studies from clinical practice despite the wide usage of both instruments in these settings. In studies I and II, the objectivity of the ADI-R and the ADOS was examined in clinical practice among clinical users. For the ADI-R, the objectivity for items (medians), domains and criteria exceeded G(q,k) (analogous to intraclass correlation) = .90 in all instances and was ĸ = .83 for classification. For modules 1-4 of the ADOS, items (medians) ranged from G(q,k) = .74 to .83, overall totals from .85 to .92 and classification was ĸ = .69. Diagnostic validity of the ADI-R’s and the ADOS’ revised algorithms, separately and in combination, has previously only occasionally been reported for young children. In study III, the diagnostic validity of these instruments was examined in a large clinical sample of toddlers and young preschoolers. Diagnostic validity for the combined ADI-R and the ADOS yielded a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 88% while the classification accuracy for the single use of the ADI-R and the ADOS in general was lower. Finally, despite a multitude of studies reporting on the effect of the new DSM-5 symptomatology criteria of ASD on diagnosis rates, no studies have analyzed the effect of the novel DSM-5 impairment criterion. In study IV, this was examined in a subsample of the young children of study III. In accordance with the DSM-5 conceptualization of impairment, this was measured with the standardized VABS-II and different cutoffs of adaptive functioning were applied to operationalize impairment. We showed that, depending on the threshold (1, 1 1⁄2 and 2 SDs below the mean) used to operationalize impairment, 88%, 69% and 33% respectively of the children with a DSM-IV-TR ASD diagnosis fulfilled the impairment criterion compared to 91% for the DSM-5 symptomatology criteria. To conclude, in terms of objectivity our results endorse the universal use of the ADI-R and the ADOS in everyday clinical practice and research for all age groups as the first choice diagnostic instruments for ASD. The combined use of the ADI-R and the ADOS yields better diagnostic validity than the separate usage of either instrument. Moreover, our results suggest that a strict application of the new DSM-5 impairment criterion might compromise early diagnosis for 12-67% of young children with a complete DSM-5 ASD symptomatology. The main asset of using standardized instruments is improved objectivity in assessing ASD symptomatology.
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| 9. |
- Zander, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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The Interrater Reliability of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) in Clinical Settings
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 50:3, s. 219-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is considered a first choice assessment tool in autism spectrum disorder. Nevertheless, despite its wide use in psychiatric practice and recommendations by various clinical guidelines, its interrater reliability has predominantly been confirmed in research settings by specially trained, research reliability interviewers. The reliability of ADI-R assessments among clinicians has not yet been established. Therefore, this study examined the spontaneous interrater reliability of the ADI-R in a naturalistic clinical multicenter setting. Sampling and Methods: Ten video-recorded ADI-R administrations were rated by 5 different raters each from a pool of 11 raters affiliated to 8 different clinical sites. Results: The interrater reliability for the 12 diagnostic criteria operationalizing autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV/ICD-10 in the ADI-R algorithms ranged between G(q,k) (analogous to intraclass correlations) = 0.96 and 0.99 for reciprocal social interaction, 0.96 and 1.00 for communication, and 0.91 and 0.97 for repetitive and restricted behavior. Reliability of diagnostic classification was KCohen 0.83. Conclusions: The findings endorse the psychometric properties of ADI-R in terms of interrater reliability previously reported from research settings and support their generalization to common clinical settings. Limitations of this study include an unbalanced sample composition.
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| 10. |
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