| 1. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol impairs driver attention and prevents compensatory strategies
- 2023
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the negative effects of alcohol on driving performance are undisputed, it is unclear how driver attention, eye movements and visual information sampling are affected by alcohol consumption. A simulator study with 35 participants was conducted to investigate whether and how a driver's level of attention is related to self-paced non-driving related task (NDRT)-engagement and tactical aspects of undesirable driver behaviour under increasing levels of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) up to 1.0 ‰. Increasing BrAC levels lead to more frequent speeding, short time headways and weaving, and higher NDRT engagement. Instantaneous distraction events become more frequent, with more and longer glances to the NDRT, and a general decline in visual attention to the forward roadway. With alcohol, the compensatory behaviour that is typically seen when drivers engage in NDRTs did not appear. These findings support the theory that alcohol reduces the ability to shift attention between multiple tasks. To conclude, the independent reduction in safety margins in combination with impaired attention and an increased willingness to engage in NDRTs is likely the reason behind increased crash risk when driving under the influence of alcohol. © 2023
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| 2. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of partially automated driving on the development of driver sleepiness
- 2021
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the development of sleepiness during manual driving versus level 2 partially automated driving, when driving on a motorway in Sweden. The hypothesis was that partially auto-mated driving will lead to higher levels of fatigue due to underload. Eighty-nine drivers were included in the study using a 2 ? 2 design with the conditions manual versus partially automated driving and daytime (full sleep) versus night-time (sleep deprived). The results showed that night-time driving led to markedly increased levels of sleepiness in terms of subjective sleepiness ratings, blink durations, PERCLOS, pupil diameter and heart rate. Partially automated driving led to slightly higher subjective sleepiness ratings, longer blink durations, decreased pupil diameter, slower heart rate, and higher EEG alpha and theta activity. However, elevated levels of sleepiness mainly arose from the night-time drives when the sleep pressure was high. During daytime, when the drivers were alert, partially automated driving had little or no detrimental effects on driver fatigue. Whether the negative effects of increased sleepiness during partially automated driving can be compensated by the positive effects of lateral and longitudinal driving support needs to be investigated in further studies.
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| 3. |
- Holmqvist, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Eye tracking : empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528. ; 55:1, s. 364-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").
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| 4. |
- Kircher, Katja, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Fit2Drive
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie var att bedöma hur alkoholpåverkan interagerar med förarens uppmärksamhet och hur det påverkar lämpligheten att köra bil. Trettiofem deltagare körde i en simulator och på en testbana medan de var nyktra och under påverkan av alkohol med ökande alkoholhalt i utandningsluften (BrAC). De insamlade data inkluderade videoupptagningar av förarens huvud- och ögonrörelser, inspelningar av insidan av kupén och förarens överkropp, hjärtaktivitet och körbeteende.Studien visade att uppmärksamhetsfördelning inte var tillräcklig för detektion av alkoholpåverkan, medan psykofysiologiska mått som fixeringstid och -hastighet samt saccad-amplituder var lämpliga kandidater för universell alkoholpåverkansdetektion. Blinkdynamiken visade också tydliga effekter av alkoholpåverkan. Placeringen av kameran bör beaktas för framtida algoritm-utveckling.Studien visade att tre olika variabelgrupper - uppmärksamhet, utförande av extrauppgifter (NDRT) och körkvalitet – påverkades negativt efter alkoholkonsumtion. Deltagarna tenderade att titta bort från vägen längre, medan blickarna till speglarna minskade. Antalet utförda NDRT ökade med högre BrAC-nivåer, och medelblicklängden till NDRT-skärmen nästan fördubblades vid 1,0 ‰ jämfört med nykterhet. Dessutom försämrades körkvaliteten: Deltagarna körde snabbare, vinglade mer, och deras säkerhetsmarginaler gentemot andra minskade.Kombinationen av minskad uppmärksamhet, ökat NDRT-engagemang och kompromissad körkvalitet skapar således en "farlig blandning". En diskriminant-analys genomfördes för att bedöma de kombinerade variablernas indikativa värde för BrAC-klassificering. Sammanfattningsvis fann studien att alkohol försämrar uppmärksamheten, leder till minskade säkerhetsmarginaler vid körning och mindre restriktivt engagemang i icke-körrelaterade uppgifter.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C., et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing gaze position signals and synthesizing noise during fixations in eye-tracking data
- 2020
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 52:6, s. 2515-2534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The magnitude of variation in the gaze position signals recorded by an eye tracker, also known as its precision, is an important aspect of an eye tracker’s data quality. However, data quality of eye-tracking signals is still poorly understood. In this paper, we therefore investigate the following: (1) How do the various available measures characterizing eye-tracking data during fixation relate to each other? (2) How are they influenced by signal type? (3) What type of noise should be used to augment eye-tracking data when evaluating eye-movement analysis methods? To support our analysis, this paper presents new measures to characterize signal type and signal magnitude based on RMS-S2S and STD, two established measures of precision. Simulations are performed to investigate how each of these measures depends on the number of gaze position samples over which they are calculated, and to reveal how RMS-S2S and STD relate to each other and to measures characterizing the temporal spectrum composition of the recorded gaze position signal. Further empirical investigations were performed using gaze position data recorded with five eye trackers from human and artificial eyes. We found that although the examined eye trackers produce gaze position signals with different characteristics, the relations between precision measures derived from simulations are borne out by the data. We furthermore conclude that data with a range of signal type values should be used to assess the robustness of eye-movement analysis methods. We present a method for generating artificial eye-tracker noise of any signal type and magnitude.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C, et al.
(författare)
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Is apparent fixational drift in eye-tracking data due to filters or eyeball rotation?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528. ; 53:1, s. 311-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye trackers are sometimes used to study the miniature eye movements such as drift that occur while observers fixate a static location on a screen. Specifically, analysis of such eye-tracking data can be performed by examining the temporal spectrum composition of the recorded gaze position signal, allowing to assess its color. However, not only rotations of the eyeball but also filters in the eye tracker may affect the signal's spectral color. Here, we therefore ask whether colored, as opposed to white, signal dynamics in eye-tracking recordings reflect fixational eye movements, or whether they are instead largely due to filters. We recorded gaze position data with five eye trackers from four pairs of human eyes performing fixation sequences, and also from artificial eyes. We examined the spectral color of the gaze position signals produced by the eye trackers, both with their filters switched on, and for unfiltered data. We found that while filtered data recorded from both human and artificial eyes were colored for all eye trackers, for most eye trackers the signal was white when examining both unfiltered human and unfiltered artificial eye data. These results suggest that color in the eye-movement recordings was due to filters for all eye trackers except the most precise eye tracker where it may partly reflect fixational eye movements. As such, researchers studying fixational eye movements should be careful to examine the properties of the filters in their eye tracker to ensure they are studying eyeball rotation and not filter properties.
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