| 1. |
- Andersson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the contribution of historical and contemporary temperature to the oospore production of self-fertile Phytophthora infestans
- 2024
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Ingår i: Evolutionary applications. - 1752-4571. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproductive systems play an important role in the ecological function of species, but little is known about how climate change, such as global warming, may affect the reproductive systems of microbes. In this study, 116 Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled from five different altitudes along a mountain were evaluated under five temperature regimes to determine the effects of historical and experimental temperature on the reproductive system of the pathogen. Both altitude, a proxy for historical pathogen adaptation to temperature, and temperature used in the experiment affected the sexual reproduction of the pathogen, with experimental temperature, that is, contemporary temperature, playing a role several times more important than historical temperature. Furthermore, the potential of sexual reproduction, measured by the number of oospores quantified, increased with the temperature breadth (i.e., difference between the highest and lowest temperature at which sexual reproduction takes place) of the pathogen and reached the maximum at the experimental temperature of 21(degrees)C, which is higher than the annual average temperature in many potato-producing areas. The results suggest that rising air temperature associated with global warming may increase the potential of sexual reproduction in P. infestans. Given the importance of sexuality in pathogenicity and ecological adaptation of pathogens, these results suggest that global warming may increase the threat of P. infestans to agricultural production and other ecological services and highlight that new epidemiological strategies may need to be implemented for future food security and ecological resilience.
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| 2. |
- Chen, Fengping, et al.
(författare)
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Low evolutionary risk of iprovalicarb resistance in Phytophthora infestans
- 2018
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Ingår i: Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-3575 .- 1095-9939. ; 152, s. 76-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iprovalicarb is a carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicide, highly effective in the control of potato late blight, causing by Phytophthora infestans. Due to cross-resistance with other CAA fungicides and moderate resistance risk of P. capsici to iprovalicarb, the evolutionary risk of P. infestans resistance to this fungicide and the contribution of inherited genes and environmental effect was evaluated using a common garden experiment. The results showed that the ratio of heritability and plasticity of iprovalicarb in the seven populations equaled 1.0, indicating both inherited genes and environmental factors were essential to iprovalicarb sensitivity in P. infestans. The pairwise population differentiation determined by SSR loci (F-ST) between populations ranged from 0.007 to 0.133 and the overall F-ST was significantly higher than population differentiation in RGR (Q(ST)), suggesting constraining selection acting on iprovalicarb sensitivity. We also found a new indicator of growth rate inhibition (GRI) for fungicide sensitivity, which was negatively correlated to growth rate in the absence of iprovalicarb, indicating a trade-off between iprovalicarb resistance and pathogen's growth. The constraining selection plus a trade-off between GRI and growth rate revealed low risk of P. infestans evolving resistance to iprovalicarb.
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| 3. |
- Friberg, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Optimizing Plant Disease Management in Agricultural Ecosystems Through Rational In-Crop Diversification
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Plant Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-462X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biodiversity plays multifaceted roles in societal development and ecological sustainability. In agricultural ecosystems, using biodiversity to mitigate plant diseases has received renewed attention in recent years but our knowledge of the best ways of using biodiversity to control plant diseases is still incomplete. In term of in-crop diversification, it is not clear how genetic diversity per se in host populations interacts with identifiable resistance and other functional traits of component genotypes to mitigate disease epidemics and what is the best way of structuring mixture populations. In this study, we created a series of host populations by mixing different numbers of potato varieties showing different late blight resistance levels in different proportions. The amount of naturally occurring late blight disease in the mixture populations was recorded weekly during the potato growing seasons. The percentage of disease reduction (PDR) in the mixture populations was calculated by comparing their observed late blight levels relative to that expected when they were planted in pure stands. We found that PDR in the mixtures increased as the number of varieties and the difference in host resistance (DHR) between the component varieties increased. However, the level of host resistance in the potato varieties had little impact on PDR. In mixtures involving two varieties, the optimum proportion of component varieties for the best PDR depended on their DHR, with an increasing skewness to one of the component varieties as the DHR between the component varieties increased. These results indicate that mixing crop varieties can significantly reduce disease epidemics in the field. To achieve the best disease mitigation, growers should include as many varieties as possible in mixtures or, if only two component mixtures are possible, increase DHR among the component varieties.
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| 4. |
- Grenville-Briggs Didymus, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Altitudinal Heterogeneity of UV Adaptation in Phytophthora infestans Is Associated with the Spatial Distribution of a DNA Repair Gene
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Fungi. - : MDPI AG. - 2309-608X. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is considered a major threat to society and nature. UV irradiation is the most important environmental genotoxic agent. Thus, how elevated UV irradiation may influence human health and ecosystems has generated wide concern in the scientific community, as well as with policy makers and the public in general. In this study, we investigated patterns and mechanisms of UV adaptation in natural ecosystems by studying a gene-specific variation in the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. We compared the sequence characteristics of radiation sensitive 23 (RAD23), a gene involved in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway and UV tolerance, in P. infestans isolates sampled from various altitudes. We found that lower genetic variation in the RAD23 gene was caused by natural selection. The hypothesis that UV irradiation drives this selection was supported by strong correlations between the genomic characteristics and altitudinal origin (historic UV irradiation) of the RAD23 sequences with UV tolerance of the P. infestans isolates. These results indicate that the RAD23 gene plays an important role in the adaptation of P. infestans to UV stress. We also found that different climatic factors could work synergistically to determine the evolutionary adaptation of species, making the influence of climate change on ecological functions and resilience more difficult to predict. Future attention should aim at understanding the collective impact generated by simultaneous change in several climate factors on species adaptation and ecological sustainability, using state of the art technologies such as experimental evolution, genome-wide scanning, and proteomics.
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| 5. |
- Hu, Binhong, et al.
(författare)
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Procyanidin B2 alleviates uterine toxicity induced by cadmium exposure in rats: The effect of oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - 0147-6513 .- 1090-2414. ; 263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental exposure to hazardous materials causes enormous socioeconomic problems due to its deleterious impacts on human beings, agriculture and animal husbandry. As an important hazardous material, cadmium can promote uterine oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to reproductive toxicity. Antioxidants have been reported to attenuate the reproductive toxicity associated with cadmium exposure. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effect of procyanidin oligosaccharide B2 (PC-B2) and gut microbiota on uterine toxicity induced by cadmium exposure in rats. The results showed that the expression levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were reduced in utero. Proinflammatory cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor-& alpha;, interleukin-1 & beta; and interleukin-6), the NLRP3 inflammasome, Caspase-1 and pro-IL-1 & beta; were all involved in inflammatory-mediated uterine injury. PC-B2 prevented CdCl2-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in uterine tissue by increasing antioxidant enzymes and reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, PC-B2 significantly reduced cadmium deposition in the uterus, possibly through its significant increase in MT1, MT2, and MT3 mRNA expression. Interestingly, PC-B2 protected the uterus from CdCl2 damage by increasing the abundance of intestinal microbiota, promoting beneficial microbiota, and inhibiting harmful microbiota. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the toxicity of environmental cadmium exposure and indicates that PC-B2 could be used in the prevention of cadmium exposure-induced uterine toxicity.
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| 6. |
- Hu, Binhong, et al.
(författare)
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Structural analysis of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus and investigate combined impact on the sex hormones, intestinal microbiota and metabolism in SPF male mice
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dysregulation of sex hormone levels is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) exhibits a promising therapeutic effect on conditions like obesity and diabetes, potentially linked to its influence on intestinal microbiota and metabolism. The exact cause and mechanisms that link sex hormones, gut microbiota and metabolism are still unknown. In this research, we examined the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bond type of IOP. We found that IOP mostly consists of alpha-structured 6-carbon glucopyranose, with a predominant (1 -> 4) linkage to monosaccharides and a uniform distribution. Following this, we administered two different concentrations of IOP to mice through gavage. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated a significant increase in testosterone (T) levels in the IOP group as compared to the control group. Additionally, the results of tissue immunofluorescence indicated that increased IOP led to a decrease in adiponectin content and an increase in SET protein expression. The study also revealed changes in the intestinal microbiota and metabolic changes in mice through 16S rRNA data and non-targeted LC-MS data, respectively. The study also found that IOP mainly affects pathways linked to glycerophospholipid metabolism. In addition, it has been observed that there is an increase in the number of beneficial bacteria, such as the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and g.Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, while the levels of metabolites that are linked to obesity or diabetes, such as 1,5-anhydrosorbitol, are reduced. Furthermore, biomarker screening has revealed that the main microorganism responsible for the differences between the three groups is g.Erysipelatoclostridiaceae. In summary, these findings suggest that IOP exerts its therapeutic effects through a synergistic interplay between sex hormones, gut microbiome composition, and metabolic processes.
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| 7. |
- Liu, Tong, et al.
(författare)
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Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale improve obesity-induced insulin resistance through the gut microbiota and the SOCS3-mediated insulin receptor substrate-1 signaling pathway
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. - 0022-5142 .- 1097-0010. ; 104, s. 3437-3447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Obesity induces insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, impacting human health. The relationship between obesity, gut microbiota, and regulatory mechanisms has been studied extensively. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, potentially reduces insulin resistance. However, the mechanism through which DOP affects gut microbiota and alleviates obesity-induced insulin resistance in rats requires further investigation.RESULTS: The current study aimed to assess the impact of DOP on gut microbiota and insulin resistance in rats on a high-fat diet. The results revealed that DOP effectively reduced blood lipids, glucose disorders, oxidative stress, and inflammatory infiltration in the liver of obese Sprague Dawley rats. This was achieved by downregulating SOCS3 expression and upregulating insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) by regulating the JAK/STAT/SOCS3 signaling pathway. Notably, DOP intervention enhanced the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and reduced harmful microbiota. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant associations among intestinal microbiota, SOCS3-mediated IRS-1 expression, and inflammatory factors.CONCLUSION: Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide regulated the gut microbiota, enhanced IRS-1 expression, and mitigated liver injury and insulin resistance due to a high-fat diet. These findings depict the potential anti-insulin resistance properties of DOP and offer further evidence for addressing obesity and its complications.(c) 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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| 8. |
- Sundar, Jenifer Seematti, et al.
(författare)
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Pathogen-Mediated Stomatal Opening: A Previously Overlooked Pathogenicity Strategy in the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Plant Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-462X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytophthora infestans, the most damaging oomycete pathogen of potato, is specialized to grow sporangiophore through opened stomata for secondary inoculum production. However, it is still unclear which metabolic pathways in potato are manipulated by P. infestans in the guard cell-pathogen interactions to open the stomata. Here microscopic observations and cell biology were used to investigate antagonistic interactions between guard cells and the oomycete pathogen. We observed that the antagonistic interactions started at the very beginning of infection. Stomatal movement is an important part of the immune response of potato to P. infestans infection and this occurs through guard cell death and stomatal closure. We observed that P. infestans appeared to manipulate metabolic processes in guard cells, such as triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown, starch degradation, H2O2 scavenging, and NO catabolism, which are involved in stomatal movement, to evade these stomatal defense responses. The signal transduction pathway of P. infestans-induced stomatal opening likely starts from H2O2 and NO scavenging, along with TAG breakdown while the subsequent starch degradation reinforces the opening process by strengthening guard cell turgor and opening the stomata to their maximum aperture. These results suggest that stomata are a barrier stopping P. infestans from completing its life cycle, but this host defense system can be bypassed through the manipulation of diverse metabolic pathways that may be induced by P. infestans effector proteins.
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| 9. |
- Yuen, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Analyses of Wheat Yellow Rust Populations Reveal Sexual Recombination and Seasonal Migration Pattern of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Gangu, Northwestern China
- 2021
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Ingår i: Phytopathology. - 0031-949X .- 1943-7684. ; 111, s. 2268-2277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the causal agent of wheat yellow rust with records of regular and severe epidemics in China. This study explored the population dynamics of the yellow rust pathogen in Gangu, northwestern China. In Gangu, the Weihe River runs from west to east and divides Gangu into three regions: North and South mountain, with the valley in between. To study the genetic structure of the pathogen in local populations, samples were collected over 3 years from the three regions at different altitudes both within and between the wheat cropping seasons. A total of 811 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates were successfully genotyped using 16 simple sequence repeat markers. The results suggest that P. striiformis f. sp. tritici can survive year-round in Gangu. The P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations migrated among the regions, and the migration pattern was not related to altitude. The oversummering populations in the North and South mountain regions were genetically different from each other; and the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations collected from the lower altitude in the valley had no relationship with any of the populations collected in the spring or fall, indicating that they too have a different origin. Signatures of random mating were found in the populations collected in both North and South mountain regions, but not in the valley populations.
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| 10. |
- Zhan, Jiasui
(författare)
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Biological Control of Plant Diseases: An Evolutionary and Eco-Economic Consideration
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pathogens. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-0817. ; 10
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological control is considered as a promising alternative to pesticide and plant resistance to manage plant diseases, but a better understanding of the interaction of its natural and societal functions is necessary for its endorsement. The introduction of biological control agents (BCAs) alters the interaction among plants, pathogens, and environments, leading to biological and physical cascades that influence pathogen fitness, plant health, and ecological function. These interrelationships generate a landscape of tradeoffs among natural and social functions of biological control, and a comprehensive evaluation of its benefits and costs across social and farmer perspectives is required to ensure the sustainable development and deployment of the approach. Consequently, there should be a shift of disease control philosophy from a single concept that only concerns crop productivity to a multifaceted concept concerning crop productivity, ecological function, social acceptability, and economical accessibility. To achieve these goals, attempts should make to develop "green " BCAs used dynamically and synthetically with other disease control approaches in an integrated disease management scheme, and evolutionary biologists should play an increasing role in formulating the strategies. Governments and the public should also play a role in the development and implementation of biological control strategies supporting positive externality.
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