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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 6. |
- Ferdos, Fariba, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of a thin GaAs cap layer on structural and optical properties of InAs quantum dots
- 2002
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 81:7, s. 1195-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this letter we investigate the changes in the surface morphology and emission wavelength of InAs quantum dots (QDs) during initial GaAs encapsulation by atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence. The density (2.9×1010 cm-2) and height (7.9±0.4 nm) of the uncapped QDs decrease and saturate at 0.6×1010 cm-2 and 4 nm, respectively, after the deposition of 4 monolayers (MLs) of GaAs. A model for the evolution of surface morphology is proposed. Photoluminescence spectra of the surface dots show a wavelength shift from 1.58 to 1.22 ?m when the GaAs capping layer thickness increases from 0 to 8 MLs.
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| 7. |
- Ferdos, Fariba, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of initial GaAs and AlAs cap layers on InAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth. - 0022-0248. ; 251:1-4, s. 145-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capping of InAs quantum dots (QDs) with AlAs or GaAs causes a significant change in the structural properties of the QDs. However, there is a basic difference between these two capping materials. The GaAs capping causes a dramatic reduction of the dot density and height. AlAs capping, on the other hand, results in a partly suppressed height reduction and a higher dot density.
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| 8. |
- Ferdos, Fariba, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of thin GaAs and AlAs cap layers on the structural properties of InAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy
- 2002
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Ingår i: International Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy, 2002. ; , s. 285-6
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-organised InAs quantum dots (QDs) are used as optical gain material in long wavelength lasers on GaAs. The measured QD height and density are often used as figures of merits, and great efforts have been made to maximise these two parameters to extend the wavelength coverage. In this work, we investigate the influence of initial GaAs and AlAs cap layers on the structural properties of InAs QDs. The study clearly shows that capping of InAs QDs causes a strong modification of not only the QD shape and height but also the QD density
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| 9. |
- Han, Ziqi, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating the miscibility of donors/acceptors to manipulate the morphology and reduce non-radiative recombination energy loss enables efficient organic solar cells
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7526 .- 2050-7534.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the high exciton binding energy and relatively low charge carrier mobilities of organic photovoltaic materials, it is crucial to optimize the active layer morphology of organic solar cells (OSCs) to well juggle exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport, and inhibit charge carrier recombination for high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Herein, we efficiently improve the crystallinity and miscibility of fused ring electron acceptors (FREAs) via lengthening the side chains and developing four FREAs, BTP-nC8, BTP-C8, BTP-C12 and BTP-C20. The dual functions of lengthening the side chains of FREAs make PM6:FREA blend films present the tendency of first improving then deteriorating in crystallinity, phase separation, domain purity and thus charge carrier dynamics, which leads the JSC and FF of PM6:FREA-based OSCs to show the same trend along with the side-chain length of FREAs. More importantly, enhancing the miscibility between PM6 and FREA facilitates the spatial registry to reduce the formation and recombination rate of triplet excitons in the PM6:FREA blend films, thus inhibiting the non-radiative recombination for decreased Delta Enr, and then increasing VOC in OSCs. Among them, PM6:BTP-C8 based OSCs well balance the multiple impacts of lengthening the side chains to achieve the highest PCE of 17.77%. This work demonstrates that it is important to finely control the crystallinity and miscibility of organic photovoltaic materials to achieve high PCEs in OSCs. The miscibility and crystallinity of fused ring electron acceptors is regulated to study the effects on the morphology and energy loss of organic solar cells (OSCs). BTP-C8 based OSCs juggle multiple impacts to gain the best efficiency.
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