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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Jin, Ying-Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19 : An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Military Medical Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2054-9369. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a rapidly spreading illness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting more than seventeen million people around the world. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for clinicians caring for patients are needed. In the early stage, we have issued "A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)"; now there are many direct evidences emerged and may change some of previous recommendations and it is ripe for develop an evidence-based guideline. We formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists. The steering group members proposed 29 questions that are relevant to the management of COVID-19 covering the following areas: chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management. We searched the literature for direct evidence on the management of COVID-19, and assessed its certainty generated recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Recommendations were either strong or weak, or in the form of ungraded consensus-based statement. Finally, we issued 34 statements. Among them, 6 were strong recommendations for, 14 were weak recommendations for, 3 were weak recommendations against and 11 were ungraded consensus-based statement. They covered topics of chemoprophylaxis (including agents and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) agents), diagnosis (including clinical manifestations, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respiratory tract specimens, IgM and IgG antibody tests, chest computed tomography, chest x-ray, and CT features of asymptomatic infections), treatments (including lopinavir-ritonavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, interferon, remdesivir, combination of antiviral drugs, hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, interleukin-6 inhibitors, interleukin-1 inhibitors, glucocorticoid, qingfei paidu decoction, lianhua qingwen granules/capsules, convalescent plasma, lung transplantation, invasive or noninvasive ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)), and discharge management (including discharge criteria and management plan in patients whose RT-PCR retesting shows SARS-CoV-2 positive after discharge). We also created two figures of these recommendations for the implementation purpose. We hope these recommendations can help support healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients.
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| 4. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Chen, Zhi, et al.
(författare)
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Large-Area Crystalline Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Thin Films
- 2021
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : Wiley. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 60:25, s. 14124-14130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report that continuous MOF films with highly controlled thickness (from 44 to 5100 nm) can be deposited over length scales greater than 80 centimeters by a facile, fast, and cost-effective spray-coating method. Such success relies on our discovery of unprecedented perfectly dispersed colloidal solutions consisting of amorphous MOF nanoparticles, which we adopted as precursors that readily converted to the crystalline films upon low-temperature in situ heating. The colloidal solutions allow for the fabrication of compact and uniform MOF films on a great deal of substrates such as fluorine-doped tin oxide, glass, SiO2, Al2O3, Si, Cu, and even flexible polycarbonate, widening their technological applications where substrates are essential. Despite the present work focuses on the fabrication of uniform cobalt-(2-methylimidazole)2 and zinc-(2-methylimidazole)2 films, our findings mark a great possibility in producing other high-quality MOF thin films on a large scale.
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| 6. |
- Qu, Minni, et al.
(författare)
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Charge-Injection-Induced Time Decay in Carbon Nanotube Network-Based FETs
- 2010
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Ingår i: IEEE Electron Device Letters. - 0741-3106 .- 1558-0563. ; 31:10, s. 1098-1100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A voltage-pulse method is utilized to investigate the charge-injection-induced time decay of the source-drain current of field-effect transistors with randomly networked single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the conduction channel. The relaxation of trapped carriers in the CNT networks can be accounted for by assuming two exponential decays occurring simultaneously. The slow decay is characterized by a time constant comparable to literature data obtained for a carrier recombination in the semiconducting CNTs. The faster decay with a time constant that has a smaller order of magnitude is attributed to the annihilation of trapped carriers in metallic CNTs or at metal-CNT contacts. Both time constants are gate-bias dependent.
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| 7. |
- Xie, Zi Kang, et al.
(författare)
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Electron scale coherent structure as micro accelerator in the Earth's magnetosheath
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 15:1, s. 886-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Turbulent energy dissipation is a fundamental process in plasma physics that has not been settled. It is generally believed that the turbulent energy is dissipated at electron scales leading to electron energization in magnetized plasmas. Here, we propose a micro accelerator which could transform electrons from isotropic distribution to trapped, and then to stream (Strahl) distribution. From the MMS observations of an electron-scale coherent structure in the dayside magnetosheath, we identify an electron flux enhancement region in this structure collocated with an increase of magnetic field strength, which is also closely associated with a non-zero parallel electric field. We propose a trapping model considering a field-aligned electric potential together with the mirror force. The results are consistent with the observed electron fluxes from ~50 eV to ~200 eV. It further demonstrates that bidirectional electron jets can be formed by the hourglass-like magnetic configuration of the structure.
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| 8. |
- Xu, Hui, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Pore Structure on Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials : Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode vs. Flow Cell
- 2022
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Ingår i: ChemSusChem. - : Wiley. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 15:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of pore structure on the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in nitrogen-doped carbon materials is currently under debate, and previous studies are mainly limited to the rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) rather than the practical flow cell (FC) system. In this study, assisted by a group of reliable pore models, the impact of two pore structure parameters, that is, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (SBET) and micropore surface fraction (fmicro), on ORR activity and selectivity are investigated in both RRDE and FC. The ORR mass activity correlates positively to the SBET in the RRDE and FC because a higher SBET can host more active sites. The H2O2 selectivity is independent of fmicro in the RRDE but correlates negatively to fmicro in the FC. The inconsistency results from different states of the electrode in the RRDE and the FC. These insights will guide the design of carbon materials for H2O2 synthesis.
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| 9. |
- Xu, Hong-Tao, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of fucosylated milk of goat and mouse on Helicobacter pylori binding to Lewis b antigen
- 2004
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Ingår i: World Journal of Gastroenterology. - Beijing : WJG Press. - 1007-9327 .- 2219-2840. ; 10:14, s. 2063-2066
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim:To evaluate the effects of animal milk containing fucosylated antigens on Helicobacter pylori (H pylon) binding to Lewis b antigen. Methods:A mammary gland expression vector containing human α1-3/4-fucosyltransferase cDNA sequences was constructed. Transient expression of human(α1-3/4-fucosyltransferase cDNA in goat mammary cell and establishment of transgenic mice were performed. The adhesion inhibitory properties of milk samples were analyzed by using Hpylori. Results: Goat milk samples were found to inhibit bacterial binding to Lewis b antigen. The highest inhibition was observed 42 h after injection of the plasmid. The binding activity of Hpylori to Lewis b antigen reduced mostly, by 83%, however milk samples from transgenic mice did not inhibit Hpylori binding to Lewis b antigen. Conclusion: The use of “humanized“ animal milk produced by the transgenic introduction of fucosylated antigen can perhaps provide an alternative therapy and preventive measure for Hpylori infection.
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| 10. |
- Agde Tjernlund, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of molecular weight on strain-gradient yielding in polystyrene
- 2004
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Ingår i: Polymer Engineering and Science. - : Wiley. - 0032-3888 .- 1548-2634. ; 44:10, s. 1987-1997
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental observations have indicated that the presence of strain gradients has an influence on the inelastic behavior of polymers as well as in other materials such as ceramics and metals. The present study has experimentally quantified length-scale effects in inelastic deformations of the polymer material polystyrene (PS) with respect to the molecular length. The experimental technique that has been used is nano-indentation to various depths with a Berkovich indenter. The hardness has been calculated with the method by Oliver and Pharr, and also by direct measurements of the area from atomic force microscopy. The experiments showed that the length-scale effects in inelastic deformations exist in polystyrene at ambient conditions. The direct method gave a smaller hardness than the Oliver-Pharr method. It was also shown that the length-scale parameter according to Nix and Gao increases with increasing molecular weight. For high molecular weights above a critical value of entanglement, there was no pertinent increase in the length-scale parameter. The length-scale parameter for strain-gradient plasticity has a size of around 0.1 μm for polystyrene.
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