| 1. |
- Abro, Shahid, hussain, et al.
(författare)
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Emergence of novel strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 155, s. 237-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis, an important disease that produces severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recent IBV infections in Sweden have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production and thin egg shells in layers. The complete spike gene of selected isolates from IBV cases was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates bear 98.97% genetic similarity with strains of the QX-like genotype. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains predominant in the nineties, which were of the Massachusetts type, have been replaced by D388/QX-Iike strains, however the evolutionary link could not be established. The homology between the two genotypes was 79 and 81%. Remarkably, a strong positive selection pressure was determined, mostly involving the S1 subunit of the S gene. This strong selective pressure resulted in recombination events, insertions and deletions in the S gene. Two new isolates generated from recombination were found with nucleotide sequence diverging 1.7-2.4% from the D388/QX-Iike branch, indicating the emergence of a new lineage. The study demonstrates a constant evolution of IBV that might be in relation to increased poultry farming, trade and vaccine pressure. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to control spread of infections, as well as to timely adjust diagnostic methods, molecular epidemiological studies, development and use of vaccines that are adapted to the changing disease scenario. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Alvarez, Ignacio, et al.
(författare)
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Proteomic and Lipidomic Profiling of Calves Experimentally Co-Infected with Influenza D Virus and Mycoplasma bovis : Insights into the Host-Pathogen Interactions
- 2024
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Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI. - 1999-4915. ; 16:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of Influenza D virus (IDV) in bovine respiratory disease remains unclear. An in vivo experiment resulted in increased clinical signs, lesions, and pathogen replication in calves co-infected with IDV and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), compared to single-infected calves. The present study aimed to elucidate the host-pathogen interactions and profile the kinetics of lipid mediators in the airways of these calves. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples collected at 2 days post-infection (dpi) were used for proteomic analyses by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, lipidomic analyses were performed by LC-MS/MS on BAL samples collected at 2, 7 and 14 dpi. Whereas M. bovis induced the expression of proteins involved in fibrin formation, IDV co-infection counteracted this coagulation mechanism and downregulated other acute-phase response proteins, such as complement component 4 (C4) and plasminogen (PLG). The reduced inflammatory response against M. bovis likely resulted in increased M. bovis replication and delayed M. bovis clearance, which led to a significantly increased abundance of oxylipids in co-infected calves. The identified induced oxylipids mainly derived from arachidonic acid; were likely oxidized by COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5; and peaked at 7 dpi. This paper presents the first characterization of BAL proteome and lipid mediator kinetics in response to IDV and M. bovis infection in cattle and raises hypotheses regarding how IDV acts as a co-pathogen in bovine respiratory disease.
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| 3. |
- Berg, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Sequencing and analysis of the complete genome of Newcastle disease virus isolated from a commercial poultry farm in 2010
- 2012
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Ingår i: Archives of Virology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0304-8608 .- 1432-8798. ; 157, s. 765-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects wild and domestic birds but causes contagious and lethal disease in domestic poultry. ND is currently endemic in Pakistan, but no complete genome sequence of a Pakistani NDV isolate has been reported. An NDV strain isolated from a commercial poultry farm was completely sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate is closely related to genotype VII and, more specifically, to subgenotype VIIb, yet with substantial enough differences to be regarded as new subgenotype (VIIf). These findings provide insight into the genetic nature of NDV circulating in Pakistan and are useful for both laboratory diagnosis and vaccine development for NDV.
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| 4. |
- Gyarmati, Péter, et al.
(författare)
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Simultaneous genotyping of all hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of avian influenza viruses by use of padlock probes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. - 0095-1137 .- 1098-660X. ; 46:5, s. 1747-1751
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A subtyping assay for both the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface antigens of the avian influenza virus (AIV) has been developed. The method uses padlock probe chemistry combined with a microarray output for detection. The outstanding feature of this assay is its capability to designate both the HA and the NA of an AIV sample from a single reaction mixture. A panel of 77 influenza virus strains was tested representing the entire assortment of the two antigens. One hundred percent (77/77) of the samples tested were identified as AIV, and 97% (75/77) were subtyped correctly in accordance with previous examinations performed by classical diagnostic methods. Testing of heterologous pathogens verified the specificity of the assay. This assay is a convenient and practical tool for the study of AIVs, providing important HA and NA data more rapidly than conventional methods.
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| 5. |
- Hägglund, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Virology. - 0022-538X .- 1098-5514. ; 93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has been detected in swine and ruminants with a worldwide distribution. Cattle are considered to be the primary host and reservoir, and previous studies suggested a tropism of IDV for the upper respiratory tract and a putative role in the bovine respiratory disease complex. This study aimed to characterize the pathogenicity of IDV in naive calves as well as the ability of this virus to transmit by air. Eight naive calves were infected by aerosol with a recent French isolate, D/bovine/France/5920/2014. Results show that IDV replicates not only in the upper respiratory tract but also in the lower respiratory tract (LRT), inducing moderate bronchopneumonia with restricted lesions of interstitial pneumonia. Inoculation was followed by IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses. Study of the innate immune response in the LRT of IDV-infected calves indicated the overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and of chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, but without overexpression of genes involved in the type I interferon pathway. Finally, virological examination of three aerosol-sentinel animals, housed 3 m apart from inoculated calves (and thus subject to infection by aerosol transmission), and IDV detection in air samples collected in different areas showed that IDV can be airborne transmitted and infect naive contact calves on short distances. This study suggests that IDV is a respiratory virus with moderate pathogenicity and probably a high level of transmission. It consequently can be considered predisposing to or a cofactor of respiratory disease.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV), a new genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family, has a broad geographical distribution and can infect several animal species. Cattle are so far considered the primary host for IDV, but the pathogenicity and the prevalence of this virus are still unclear. We demonstrated that under experimental conditions (in a controlled environment and in the absence of coinfecting pathogens), IDV is able to cause mild to moderate disease and targets both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The virus can transmit by direct as well as aerosol contacts. While this study evidenced overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and chemokines in the lower respiratory tract, IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge, and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses, further studies are warranted to better understand the immune responses triggered by IDV and its role as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex.
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| 6. |
- Linde, Anna-Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Complete genome characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus isolated during an outbreak in Sweden in 1997
- 2010
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Ingår i: Virus Genes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0920-8569 .- 1572-994X. ; 41, s. 165-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The complete genome sequence of a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from a chicken in Sweden was determined and compared with other NDV sequences. The isolate was shown to belong to genotype VIIb, which arose in the Far East and spread around the world during the 1990s. It had a length of 15,192 bases and consisted of six genes in the order 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. The F protein cleavage site was 112-RRQRRF-117, corresponding to that of a virulent pathotype.
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| 7. |
- Metreveli, Giorgi, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of two H1N2 swine influenza A viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in Sweden during 2009 and 2010
- 2011
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Ingår i: Virus Genes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0920-8569 .- 1572-994X. ; 42, s. 236-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. In the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N2 subtypes, isolated in Sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. The differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. They included a truncated PB1-F2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full length version in the more recent one; differences in the number of haemagglutinin glycosylation sites, including a characteristic human one; and a nuclear export protein with altered export signal. Of particular interest, the NS1 amino acid sequence of swine H1N2-2009 and 2010 has a 'unique or very unusual' PDZ binding domain (RPKV) at the C-terminal of the protein, a motif that has been implicated as a virulence marker. Concerning biological properties, these viruses reached lower titre and showed reduced cytopathogenicity in MDCK cells compared with an avian-like H1N1 isolate A/swine/Lidkoping/1193/2002 belonging to the same lineage as the 2009 and 2010 isolates. The findings should contribute to better understanding of factors related to the survival/extinction of this uncommon reassortant variant.
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| 8. |
- Metreveli, Giorgi, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hemagglutinin Gene of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H7N7 Strains in Mallards in Northern Europe
- 2010
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Ingår i: Avian Diseases. - 0005-2086. ; 54, s. 453-456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The H7 subtype of avian influenza (AI) has the capability to evolve into a highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) virus. In this study, we have characterized the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of three avian H7N7 influenza A viruses isolated from healthy migratory, mallards in Northern Europe in three different years to study the natural variation of these viruses in the natural reservoir. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the H7 HA genes were all closely related to recent H7 isolates responsible for influenza outbreaks in poultry in Europe. The A/mallard/Sweden/S90735/2003 isolate clustered together with the HA gene of A/ mallard/Netherlands/12/00/H7N3 (AY338460), which has been shown to be closely related to the H7N7 responsible for HPAI outbreaks in the Netherlands and Germany in 2003. In contrast, the HA gene of the two mallard strains A/mallard/Sweden/S90597/2005 and A/mallard/Sweden/100993/2008 were more related to the chicken strain isolated in domestic poultry in England in 2006, A/Ch/England/4054/2006/H7N3 (EF467826), and 2008, A/Ch/England/2008/1-17N7 (214011964). Analysis of the deduced HA amino acid sequence shows two different HA cleavage sires in these isolates. Although these HA cleavage sites are consistent with a low pathogenicity AI, the cleavage sites appear to posses an increasing numbers of basic amino acids over time (PEIPKGRGLF in 2003 and 2005 and PEIPKKRGLF in 2008). The conclusion from this study is that H7 subtypes isolated from healthy mallards are closely related to the H7 subtypes that have caused recent influenza outbreaks in poultry, in Europe.
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| 9. |
- Munir, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Alleles A and B of non-structural protein 1 of avian influenza A viruses differentially inhibit beta interferon production in human and mink lung cells
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of General Virology. - : Microbiology Society. - 0022-1317 .- 1465-2099. ; 92, s. 2111-2121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) counteracts the production of host type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) for the efficient replication and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. Here, we reveal another dimension of the NS1 protein of avian influenza A viruses in suppressing IFN-beta production in cultured cell lines. We found that allele A NS1 proteins of H6N8 and H4N6 have a strong capacity to inhibit the activation of IFN-beta production, compared with allele B from corresponding subtypes, as measured by IFN stimulatory response element (ISRE) promoter activation, IFN-beta mRNA transcription and IFN-beta protein expression. Furthermore, the ability to suppress IFN-beta promoter activation was mapped to the C-terminal effector domain (ED), while the RNA-binding domain (RBD) alone was unable to suppress IFN-beta promoter activation. Chimeric studies indicated that when the RBD of allele A was fused to the ED of allele B, it was a strong inhibitor of IFN-beta promoter activity. This shows that well-matched ED and RBD are crucial for the function of the NS1 protein and that the RBD could be one possible cause for this differential IFN-beta inhibition. Notably, mutagenesis studies indicated that the F103Y and Y103F substitutions in alleles A and B, respectively, do not influence the ISRE promoter activation. Apart from dsRNA signalling, differences were observed in the expression pattern of NS1 in transfected human and mink lung cells. This study therefore expands the versatile nature of the NS1 protein in inhibiting IFN responses at multiple levels, by demonstrating for the first time that it occurs in a manner dependent on allele type.
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| 10. |
- Munir, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Isolated from Outbreaks in Punjab, Pakistan
- 2012
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Ingår i: Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1865-1674 .- 1865-1682. ; 59, s. 85-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an important viral disease of small ruminants and is endemic in Pakistan. In the following study, samples from two outbreaks of PPR in goats have been subjected to laboratory investigations. The Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) genome was detected using both conventional and real-time PCR. Genetic characterization of the local PPRV field isolates was conducted by sequencing 322 bp of the fusion (F) gene and 255 bp of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. The phylogenetic tree based on the F gene clustered samples from both outbreaks into lineage 4 along with other Asian isolates, specifically into subcluster 1 along with isolates from Middle East. Analysis of N gene revealed a different pattern. In this case, the Pakistani samples clustered with Chinese, Tajikistani and Iranian isolates, which probably represents the true geographical pattern of virus circulation. This is the first report presenting the phylogenetic tree based on N gene as well as performing a parallel comparison of the trees of F and N gene together from Pakistani isolates. The results of this study shed light on the PPRV population in Pakistan and emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to understand the epidemiology. Such understanding is essential in any efforts to control the number and impact of outbreaks that are occurring in endemic countries such as Pakistan, especially in the current scenario where OIE and FAO are eager to control and subsequently eradicate PPR from the globe, as has been achieved for Rinderpest.
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