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- Baxter, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 : Opportunities for interdisciplinary research to improve care for older people in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : Sage Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 49:1, s. 29-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of COVID-19 has changed the world as we know it, arguably none more so than for older people. In Sweden, the majority of COVID-19-related fatalities have been among people aged ⩾70 years, many of whom were receiving health and social care services. The pandemic has illuminated aspects within the care continuum requiring evaluative research, such as decision-making processes, the structure and organisation of care, and interventions within the complex public-health system. This short communication highlights several key areas for future interdisciplinary and multi-sectorial collaboration to improve health and social care services in Sweden. It also underlines that a valid, reliable and experiential evidence base is the sine qua non for evaluative research and effective public-health systems.
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| 4. |
- Kleineidam, Luca, et al.
(författare)
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Midlife occupational cognitive requirements protect cognitive function in old age by increasing cognitive reserve
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Several lifestyle factors promote protection against Alzheimer's disease (AD) throughout a person's lifespan. Although such protective effects have been described for occupational cognitive requirements (OCR) in midlife, it is currently unknown whether they are conveyed by brain maintenance (BM), brain reserve (BR), or cognitive reserve (CR) or a combination of them. Methods: We systematically derived hypotheses for these resilience concepts and tested them in the population-based AgeCoDe cohort and memory clinic-based AD high-risk DELCODE study. The OCR score (OCRS) was measured using job activities based on the O*NET occupational classification system. Four sets of analyses were conducted: (1) the interaction of OCR and APOE-ε4 with regard to cognitive decline (N = 2,369, AgeCoDe), (2) association with differentially shaped retrospective trajectories before the onset of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT; N = 474, AgeCoDe), (3) cross-sectional interaction of the OCR and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and brain structural measures regarding memory function (N = 873, DELCODE), and (4) cross-sectional and longitudinal association of OCR with CSF AD biomarkers and brain structural measures (N = 873, DELCODE). Results: Regarding (1), higher OCRS was associated with a reduced association of APOE-ε4 with cognitive decline (mean follow-up = 6.03 years), consistent with CR and BR. Regarding (2), high OCRS was associated with a later onset but subsequently stronger cognitive decline in individuals converting to DAT, consistent with CR. Regarding (3), higher OCRS was associated with a weaker association of the CSF Aβ42/40 ratio and hippocampal volume with memory function, consistent with CR. Regarding (4), OCR was not associated with the levels or changes in CSF AD biomarkers (mean follow-up = 2.61 years). We found a cross-sectional, age-independent association of OCRS with some MRI markers, but no association with 1-year-change. OCR was not associated with the intracranial volume. These results are not completely consistent with those of BR or BM. Discussion: Our results support the link between OCR and CR. Promoting and seeking complex and stimulating work conditions in midlife could therefore contribute to increased resistance to pathologies in old age and might complement prevention measures aimed at reducing pathology.
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- Zulka, Linn Elena, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Work Demand and Changes in Leisure Activity on Postretirement Memory
- 2022
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Ingår i: GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1662-9647 .- 1662-971X. ; 35:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluated the interactions between prior cognitive work demands and changes in cognitively stimulating leisure activities during the retirement transition and their relationship to changes in postretirement memory. We drew data (N = 631) from five waves of repeated annual measurements as part of the HEalth, Ageing and Retirement Transitions in Sweden study. We modeled memory trajectories using piecewise growth-curve models. Findings revealed that increased cognitive stimulation from leisure activities had beneficial effects on postretirement memory development among individuals reporting previously low cognitive work demands. Our findings provide partial evidence supporting public health recommendations, stating that retirees from less intellectually demanding occupations will gain from increases in cognitive leisure following retirement.
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| 8. |
- Zulka, Linn Elena, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Retirement on Cognitive Function - A Literature Review
- 2019
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Ingår i: GeroPsych - The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1662-9647 .- 1662-971X. ; 32:4, s. 187-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reviews the literature and aims at identifying patterns of findings regarding the impact of retirement on cognitive function. A systematic literature search following the PRISMA statement resulted in discovering 20 studies with longitudinal designs. The results revealed negative, null, and positive associations between retirement and cognition. The conflicting results could not be explained by variations in study characteristics (study quality, operationalization of retirement, analytical approach) or cognitive abilities. However, in studies in which occupational experiences were included as a moderator, there was a positive trend for cognitive functioning when retiring from physically demanding jobs. To gain insight into mechanisms behind the relationship between retirement and cognitive functioning, study designs need to take into account the impact of preretirement factors.
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| 9. |
- Zulka, Linn Elena, 1992
(författare)
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On Retirement and Cognitive Aging from a Life-Span Perspective
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Retirement is a major life event potentially affecting domains such as cognitive functioning and well-being. The main aim of this thesis was to assess whether retirement influences cognitive functioning and how inter- and intra-individual differences in psychological and lifestyle factors moderate the association. A secondary purpose was to evaluate whether general intelligence, as measured at age 18, and social contacts later in life may function as resources for successful adaptation to retirement from work. In Study I, we systematically reviewed current literature to evaluate patterns of findings regarding the impact of retirement on cognition. Peer-reviewed studies (n = 20) with longitudinal designs were reviewed. The studies reported negative, positive, and no effect of retirement on cognitive function. These conflicting results were explained neither by variations in study characteristics nor by the use of different measures of cognitive abilities. We found a positive trend for cognitive functioning for retirement from physically demanding jobs. For retirement from cognitively demanding jobs, the evidence was conflicting. Studies II, III and IV were based on data from the HEalth, Aging and Retirement in Sweden (HEARTS) study (n = 5913). In Study II (n = 631), we examined whether retirement influenced cognitive functioning, and modeled the interaction between job demands before retirement, changes in leisure activities over the retirement transition, and their relationship to post retirement cognitive functioning. Results indicated that retirement did not generally led to poorer cognitive development. Furthermore, increased cognitive stimulation, through cognitively demanding leisure activities, had beneficial effects on post-retirement memory development among individuals who reported low previous cognitive work demands. In Study III (n = 3851), we investigated the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and the level of and change in reasoning ability in the years around retirement. Higher levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism were related to lower levels of reasoning ability, whereas higher levels of openness were associated with higher levels of reasoning ability. We found no association between any of the Big Five personality traits and the rate of change in reasoning ability in the years around retirement. In Study IV, we merged HEARTS data with IQ measures derived from military conscription (n = 924). We found that IQ in young adulthood was unrelated to levels of life satisfaction before retirement. However, increases in contact with friends were associated with increases in life satisfaction and this increase was strongest for individuals with lower IQ scores. To conclude, our findings provide evidence that retirement does not generally negatively affect cognitive functioning, at least from a short-term perspective. Cognitive functioning in the years around retirement relates to different possibly modifiable psychological and lifestyle factors that potentially stimulate positive cognitive developments.
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| 10. |
- Zulka, Linn Elena, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and reasoning ability during retirement age: Report from a Swedish population-based longitudinal study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the association between personality and level and change in reasoning ability in a population-based sample of older adults (62–68 years) using a three-year annual follow-up longitudinal study design (HEARTS; N = 3851). Personality traits were measured using the Mini-IPIP scale and reasoning using a short form of Raven's Matrices. Findings from a structural equation model, controlling for age, education, and sex, revealed that higher levels on extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism were associated with lower reasoning ability (βs: −0.17 to −0.09). Higher levels of openness were associated with better reasoning (β: 0.16). We found no association with rate of change. This evidence replicates previous findings demonstrating that personality traits are associated with individual differences in cognition among older adults.
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