| 1. |
- Wilkinson, Tim, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Shades of grey-tire characteristics and road surface influence tire and road wear particle (TRWP) abundance and physicochemical properties
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-665X. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is mounting evidence that tire wear particles can harm natural systems, but worldwide trends in car weight and car usage, mean emissions are set to increase. To control tire wear emissions and help understand fate and transport, detailed characterisation of the particles, and the relationship between road surface properties and emission profiles is needed. This study deployed a suite of experiments utilising the advanced road simulator of the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute to compare seasonal tire types from three brands. An extraction method was developed for a coarse (>30 mu m) fraction of tire and road wear particles (TRWP), and a comprehensive physicochemical characterisation scheme applied to both TRWP and tire-tread, including microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and pyrolysis-GC/MS. Road simulator dusts and hand-picked TRWP showed differences in shape, numbers, and mass between tire types and brands, and between asphalt and cement concrete road surfaces. Contrary to accepted perceptions, tactile analyses revealed that firm-elastic TRWP comprised only a minor proportion of TRWP. Fragile and chemically distinct tire-road-derived particles, termed here sub-elastic TRWP, comprised 39-100% of TRWP. This finding raises urgent questions about overall TRWP classification and identification features, resistance to weathering, and environmental fate. At the same time, differences in TRWP generation between tire formulations, and road surfaces, show potential for controlling emissions to reduce global impacts.
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| 2. |
- Mattsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoplastics in aquatic environments—Sources, sampling techniques, and identification methods
- 2024. - 2
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Ingår i: Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments : An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency - An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency. - 9780443153327 - 9780443153334 ; , s. 381-397
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the industrial revolution, humans have extensively been contributing to the accumulation of rubble in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Because the buildup of trash in water bodies was previously considered miniscule owing to its capacity to drift away from vantage points, the growing impact of plastic pollutants has historically been neglected. Today, however, pollution of aquatic systems is recognized as one of the biggest environmental threats to our planet. Ever since the mass production of plastic material in the 1940s, plastic has been statistically the largest contributor to marine pollution (Ryan et al., 2009). Concerns have been raised about the ecotoxicology of not only the macroform of plastic but also more recently plastic degradation products, namely micro- and nanosized plastic particles. Anthropogenic particles are manufactured particles and particles produced by human activities. Microlitter consists of anthropogenic particles in the size range of 1μm to 5mm. Microplastics, a subcategory of microlitter, include particles between 1 and 1000μm in size and have a chemical composition of synthetic polymers, semisynthetic or copolymers, including tire and road wear particles. Furthermore, another property of microplastics is that they are solid state and insoluble at 20°C (Hartmann et al., 2019). Nanoplastics are the same type of particles as microplastics but in smaller sizes, namely between 1 and 1000nm. Engineered nanoparticles are commonly defined as nanosized particles with at least two dimensions below 100nm (Klaine et al., 2008). This chapter highlights nanoplastics in the aquatic environment; sources, sampling methods, and analytical techniques to identify nanoplastic particles in the aquatic environment.
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