| 1. |
- Davidsson, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of anaerobic digestion at 35, 55 and 60 °C on pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 69:6, s. 1282-1288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The application of treated sewage sludge on farmland is a suggested method for recycling nutrients and reducing demand for commercial fertilizer. However, sludge needs to be safe from possible contaminants which can cause acute and long-term health and environmental problems. Residual pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants are mentioned as emerging threats since wastewater treatment plants are not designed to degrade these substances. The aim of this study was to screen and evaluate the presence, and reduction, of pharmaceuticals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during anaerobic digestion of mixed primary and waste-activated sludge at 35, 55 and 60°C and during pasteurization at 70°C. The study showed the difficulty of analysing pharmaceutical compounds in low concentrations in the sludge matrix. No general reduction of these compounds was seen during treatment, but for individual substances some reduction occured. The PAHs were generally not reduced during digestion or pasteurization, but for three substances (indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (analysed together) and benzo[g,h,i]perylene) reduction (up to 60%) during digestion was seen. Digestion at 35 and 55°C resulted in about the same order of reduction of the three individual PAHs, which was higher than for digestion at 60°C.
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| 2. |
- Antoniou, Maria G., et al.
(författare)
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Required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1026 .- 0048-9697. ; 456, s. 42-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the this study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality, originated from different raw wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Secondary effluents from six Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) were spiked with 42 APIs (nominal concentration 1 mu g/L) and treated with different O-3 doses (0.5-12.0 mg/L ozone) in bench-scale experiments. In order to compare the sensitivity of APIs in each matrix, the specific dose of ozone required to achieve reduction by one decade of each investigated API (DDO3) was determined for each effluent by fitting a first order equation to the remaining concentration of API at each applied ozone dose. Ozone dose requirements were found to vary significantly between effluents depending on their matrix characteristics. The specific ozone dose was then normalized to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of each effluent. The DDO3/DOC ratios were comparable for each API between the effluents. 15 of the 42 investigated APIs could be classified as easily degradable (DDO3/DOC <= 0.7), while 19 were moderately degradable (0.7 < DDO3/DOC <= 1.4), and 8 were recalcitrant towards O-3-treatment (DDO3/DOC > 1.4). Furthermore, we predict that a reasonable estimate of the ozone dose required to remove any of the investigated APIs may be attained by multiplying the experimental average DDO3/DOC obtained with the actual DOC of any effluent. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Antoniou, Maria G., et al.
(författare)
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Variability in required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. - : Global Nest, Secretariat. - 9789607475510
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim of study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality originating from different wastewater treatment processes. Methods. Secondary effluents from six Swedish wastewater treatment plants (VWVTP) were spiked with 42 APIs (nominal concentration 1pg/L) and treated with different 03 doses (0.5-12.0 mg/L ozone) in bench-scale experiments (Antoniou et al, 2012). Concentrations of APIs were measured by SPE extraction using OASIS HLB cartridges followed by quantification using LC-MS-MS (Grabic et al, 2012).. Results. For each wastewater effluent a profile of sensitivity of each API to a range of ozone doses were generated as shown in Figure 1.
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| 4. |
- Bernstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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A life cycle approach to the management of household food waste - A Swedish full-scale case study.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 31, s. 1879-1896
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental impacts from incineration, decentralised composting and centralised anaerobic digestion of solid organic household waste are compared using the EASEWASTE LCA-tool. The comparison is based on a full scale case study in southern Sweden and used input-data related to aspects such as source-separation behaviour, transport distances, etc. are site-specific. Results show that biological treatment methods - both anaerobic and aerobic, result in net avoidance of GHG-emissions, but give a larger contribution both to nutrient enrichment and acidification when compared to incineration. Results are to a high degree dependent on energy substitution and emissions during biological processes. It was seen that if it is assumed that produced biogas substitute electricity based on Danish coal power, this is preferable before use of biogas as car fuel. Use of biogas for Danish electricity substitution was also determined to be more beneficial compared to incineration of organic household waste. This is a result mainly of the use of plastic bags in the incineration alternative (compared to paper bags in the anaerobic) and the use of biofertiliser (digestate) from anaerobic treatment as substitution of chemical fertilisers used in an incineration alternative. Net impact related to GWP from the management chain varies from a contribution of 2.6kg CO(2)-eq/household and year if incineration is utilised, to an avoidance of 5.6kg CO(2)-eq/household and year if choosing anaerobic digestion and using produced biogas as car fuel. Impacts are often dependent on processes allocated far from the control of local decision-makers, indicating the importance of a holistic approach and extended collaboration between agents in the waste management chain.
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| 5. |
- Bernstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Collaboration Outcomes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Modern Solid Waste Management in Practice: the City of Malmo Experience. - London : Springer London. - 2191-530X. ; , s. 69-74
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bernstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Door-stepping as a strategy for improved food waste recycling behaviour Evaluation of a full-scale experiment
- 2013
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation & Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449. ; 73, s. 94-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparisons were made between two groups of households in a multi-family residential area in order to investigate how oral information through a door-stepping campaign can influence household food waste recycling behaviour from a quantitative as well as qualitative perspective. Source-separation behaviour was assessed both through weakly weighting of all source-separated food waste and dry recyclables as well as residual waste generated over a period of 104 weeks, as well as repeated waste composition analyses. Introduction of source-separation of food waste for biogas production significantly decreased the generation of residual waste in the whole case-study area. An average generation of 0.72 and 0.71 kg, household(-1), week(-1) of separately collected food waste was found amongst households receiving and not contacted through the door-stepping campaign respectively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Four waste composition analyses show that the average source-separation ratio of food waste was higher and the ratio of incorrectly sorter material lower in the food waste fraction amongst households where oral information had been provided. A decrease over time in the source-separation ratio of food waste amongst households receiving oral information suggests a low durability of the door-stepping campaign. No signs were seen of increased source-separation ratio or decreased ratio of incorrectly sorted material amongst dry recyclables. The study supports previous findings pointing at accessibility as a key factor for increased recycling behaviour. However, results also suggest that such systems must address convenience also in the household interior. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Bernstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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From Idea to Reality: The City as a Test Bed
- 2013
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Ingår i: Modern Solid Waste Management in Practice: the City of Malmo Experience. - London : Springer London. - 2191-530X. ; , s. 21-67
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Bernstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Future Challenges
- 2013
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Ingår i: Modern Solid Waste Management in Practice: the City of Malmo Experience. - London : Springer London. - 2191-530X. ; , s. 85-93
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Bernstad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of a household solid waste source separation programme: a Swedish case study.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 1096-3669. ; 29, s. 1027-1042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental impact of an extended property close source-separation system for solid household waste (i.e. a systems for collection of recyclables from domestic properties) is investigated in a residential area in southern Sweden. Since 2001, households have been able to source-separate waste into six fractions of dry recyclables and food waste sorting. The current system was evaluated using the EASEWASTE life cycle assessment tool. Current status is compared with an ideal scenario in which households display perfect source-separation behaviour and a scenario without any material recycling. Results show that current recycling provides substantial environmental benefits compared to a non-recycling alternative. The environmental benefit varies greatly between recyclable fractions, and the recyclables currently most frequently source-separated by households are often not the most beneficial from an environmental perspective. With optimal source-separation of all recyclables, the current net contribution to global warming could be changed to a net-avoidance while current avoidance of nutrient enrichment, acidification and photochemical ozone formation could be doubled. Sensitivity analyses show that thetype of energy substituted by incineration of non-recycled waste, as well as energy used in recycling processes and in the production of materials substituted by waste recycling, is of high relevance for the attained results.
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