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- Klimkowska, Agata, et al.
(författare)
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Are we restoring functional fens? : The outcomes of restoration projects in fens re-analysed with plant functional traits
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 14:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In peatland restoration we often lack an information whether re-established ecosystems are functionally similar to non-degraded ones. We re-analysed the long-term outcomes of restoration on vegetation and plant functional traits in 38 European fens restored by rewetting (18 sites) and topsoil removal (20 sites). We used traits related to nutrient acquisition strategies, competitiveness, seed traits, and used single- and multi-trait metrics. A separate set of vegetation records from near-natural fens with diverse plant communities was used to generate reference values to aid the comparisons. We found that both restoration methods enhanced the similarity of species composition to non-degraded systems but trait analysis revealed differences between the two approaches. Traits linked to nutrient acquisition strategies indicated that topsoil removal was more effective than rewetting. After topsoil removal competitive species in plant communities had decreased, while stress-tolerant species had increased. A substantial reduction in nutrient availability ruled out the effect of initial disturbance. An ability to survive and grow in anoxic conditions was enhanced after restoration, but the reference values were not achieved. Rewetting was more effective than topsoil removal in restricting variation in traits values permitted in re-developing vegetation. We found no indication of a shift towards reference in seed traits, which suggested that dispersal constraint and colonization deficit can be a widespread phenomena. Two functional diversity indices: functional richness and functional dispersion showed response to restoration and shifted values towards reference mires and away from the degraded systems. We concluded that targeting only one type of environmental stressor does not lead to a recovery of fens, as it provides insufficient level of stress to restore a functional ecosystem. In general, restoration efforts do not ensure the re-establishment and long-term persistence of fens. Restoration efforts result in recovery of fen ecosystems, confirmed with our functional trait analysis, although more rigid actions are needed for restoring fully functional mires, by achieving high and constant levels of anoxia and nutrient stresses.
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- Westerlund, Anna, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Bonded retainers maintain a high-standard orthodontic treatment outcome long term
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4438. ; 4:2, s. 78-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated deterioration of orthodontic treatment outcome postretention; however, few studies present results in cases still in retention long term. The aim of the present study was to evaluate orthodontic treatment outcomes in patients with teeth still in retention at 10 years post-treatment. Methods: This longitudinal study enrolled 108 children who received bonded lingual retainers after treatment with a full fixed appliance. Retainer extension and morphologic stability, as measured by weighted peer assessment ratings (wPAR), were recorded at pretreatment (t0), immediately post-treatment (t1), 5 years post-treatment (t5), and 10 years post-treatment (t10). The t10 results were compared with those from an untreated control group matched on age and sex. Post-treatment stability was additionally tested for correlation to age, sex, malocclusion, and extraction therapy. Results: At the group level, there was a significant mean reduction in wPAR of 74% at t10 (P < 0.001). Additionally, the mean wPAR was significantly better than was that in the control group. At the patient level, 57% of patients were categorized as "greatly improved." The only factor that could be correlated to post-treatment changes (from t1 to t10) was the presence of at least one bonded retainer ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: A "high standard orthodontic treatment outcome" could be maintained 10 years post-treatment by keeping the bonded retainers in both the upper and lower arches. Orthodontic patients expect the aesthetics to be maintained over time. The results from this study, that bonded lingual retainers maintain the orthodontic treatment result for 10 years, are valuable information for the clinician when giving the patients advice and recommendations regarding retainer maintenance. © 2015 World Federation of Orthodontists.
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