| 1. |
- Hoffland, Ellis, et al.
(författare)
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The role of fungi in weathering
- 2004
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Ecology and Environment. - 1540-9295 .- 1540-9309. ; 2:5, s. 258-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- No rock at the Earth’s surface escapes weathering. This process is the primary source of all the essential elements for organisms, except nitrogen and carbon. Since the onset of terrestrial life, weathering has been accelerated under the influence of biota. The study of biological weathering started at the end of the 19th century. Although the role of bacteria (Eubacteria, Archaea) has attracted a lot of interest, until recently the role of fungi has largely been neglected. More recently, however, fungal weathering has become an increasingly important focus of biogeochemical research.
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| 2. |
- Olsson, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Copper(II) binding to dissolved organic matter fractions in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash leachate
- 2007
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 41:12, s. 4286-4291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information on Cu speciation in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash leachate is needed for Cu leaching predictions and toxicity estimates. The complexation of Cu with dissolved organic matter (DOM) in leachates from a stored MSWI bottom ash was studied potentiometrically using a Cu-ion selective electrode. More than 95% of the copper was bound to DOM in the hydrophilic fraction of the leachate, indicating that the hydrophilic acids contribute to Cu complex formation. The hydrophilic acids constituted 58% of the dissolved organic carbon in the ash leachate. Comparisons between experimental results and speciation calculations with the NICA-Donnan model and the Stockholm humic model indicated differences between the ash DOM and the natural DOM for which the models have been calibrated. The ratio of carboxylic binding sites to phenolic binding sites was 2 times larger in ash DOM, and the Cu-binding affinity of the former was stronger than accounted for by the generic Cu-binding parameters. The Cu-binding affinity of the phenolic sites, on the other hand, was weaker. When these parameters were adjusted, a good description of the experimental data was obtained.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Emma M., et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative analysis of exudates from soil-living basidiomycetes in pure culture as a response to lead, cadmium and arsenic stress
- 2008
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 40:9, s. 2225-2236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Six different ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma velutipes, Piloderma byssinum, Paxillus involutus, Rhizopogonroseolus, Suillus bovinus and Suillus variegatus) and two saprotrophic fungi (Hypholoma fasciculare andHypholoma capnoides) were exposed to metal stress induced by Pb, Cd and As. After pre-growth ina nutrient solution in Petri dishes, metal exposure was performed either in a nutrient rich solution or ina nutrient poor solution for seven days. The fungi were exposed to two different metal concentrations,low and high (Pb: 10 þ 100 mM; Cd: 1 þ 10 mM; As: 1 þ 10 mM). Exudation of low molecular weightorganic compounds (low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA), amino acids and dissolved monosaccharides),as well as dissolved organic carbon was quantified as a potential response to the metalstress. The main LMWOA identified was oxalate. Oxalate exudation increased significantly in response toboth low and high Pb and Cd concentrations, as well as low As exposure, relative to nutrient controls.Exposure to As and mixtures of metals (Pb þ Cd, Pb þ As) did not result in any significant increase inoxalate production compared to controls. The presence of a carbon source (glucose) in this study islikely to have been important for exudation of organic compounds. For the nutrient rich (þ1mMglucose) metal treatments exposure to Pb and Cd mainly increased exudation of oxalate and total aminoacids. Production of dissolved monosaccharides, as well as DOC, did not increase significantly in responseto metal exposure, irrespective of nutrient conditions. This may be explained by re-absorption ofthe organic compounds by the mycelium or by the fact that metals had no effect on exudation of thesecompounds.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Emma M., et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative analysis of root and ectomycorrhizal exudates as a response to Pb, Cd and As stress
- 2008
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - Berlin : Springer. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 313:1-2, s. 39-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined exudation of low molecular weight (LMW) organic compounds of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in relation to metals. Scots pine seedlings, either colonized by one of six different ECM fungi or NM, were grown in Petri dishes containing glass beads and liquid growth medium and exposed to elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd and As. Exudation of LMW organic compounds (LMW organic acids (LMWOAs), amino acids and dissolved monosaccharides) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined qualitatively and quantitatively and exudation rates were calculated. Metals had a significant impact on exudation, especially of oxalate. For Pb and Cd treatments, exudation of oxalate and total LMWOAs generally increased by 15–45% compared to nutrient controls. Production of amino acids, dissolved monosaccharides and DOC was not significantly stimulated by exposure to metals; however, there were non-significant trends towards increased exudation. Finally, exudation generally increased in the presence of mycorrhizal seedlings compared to NM seedlings. The results suggest that ECM fungi may reduce the toxicity of metals to plants through significant increases in the production of organic chelators. Axenic conditions are required to assess the full potential for production of these molecules but their overall significance in soil ecosystems needs to be determined using additional experiments under more ecologically realistic conditions.
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| 7. |
- Rosling, A., et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorous availability influences the dissolution of apatite by soil fungi
- 2007
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Ingår i: Geobiology. - : Wiley. - 1472-4677 .- 1472-4669. ; 5:3, s. 265-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Apatite (Ca-10(PO4)(6)(OH,F,Cl)(2)) is the primary inorganic source of phosphorus in the biosphere. Soil fungi are known to increase plant-available phosphorus by promoting dissolution of various phosphate minerals. Yet no apatite dissolution studies exist using fungi as weathering agents, and regulation of fungal weathering activity in response to different levels of phosphorus availability is largely unknown. Fungi were isolated from a grassland soil in northern California. Three pathways of tri-calcium phosphate (Ca-3(PO4)(2)) (TCP) dissolution in liquid culture were identified among biogeochemically active fungi: (1) acidification (pH 3.3 +/- 0.16), (2) moderate acidification (pH 4.9 +/- 0.11) and (3) no acidification. Isolates representing pathway 1 and 2 were Zygomycetes in the order of Mucorales. All non-acidifying isolates in pathway 3 were Ascomycetes and cleared the media by altering TCP into hydroxyapatite (Ca-10(PO4)(6)(OH)(2)) and sequestering it within mycelial spheres. One isolate representing each pathway was used in fluorapatite dissolution experiments either with the fungi present or under abiotic conditions using cell-free liquid media conditioned by fungal growth at different phosphorus and calcium availabilities. Both Mucorales isolates acidify their substrate when growing in the presence of phosphorus. Mucorales exudates were mainly oxalic acid, and conditioned cell-free media with phosphorus induced fluorapatite dissolution at a rate of 10(-0.9 +/- 0.14) and 10(-1.2 +/- 0.22) mu mol P m(-2) s(-1). The ascomycete isolate on the other hand, induced fluorapatite dissolution at a rate of 10(-1.1 +/- 0.05) mu mol P m(-2) s(-1) by lowering the pH of the media under phosphorus-limited conditions, without producing significant amounts of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs). Oxalate strongly etches fluorapatite along channels parallel to [001], forming needle-like features, while exudates from the ascomycete-induced surface rounding. We conclude that while LMWOAs are well-studied weathering agents, these do not appear to be produced by fungi in response to phosphorus-limiting growth conditions.
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| 8. |
- van Hees, Patrick A. W., et al.
(författare)
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The biogeochemical impact of ectomycorrhizal conifers on major soil elements (Al, Fe, K and Si)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 136:1-2, s. 364-377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mobilisation of nutrients and dissolution of minerals are of key importance for plant growth and soil formation, as well as long term ecosystem sustainability. The effects of Pinus sylvestris seedlings, ectomycorrhizal colonisation and potassium supply on the mobilisation of Al, Fe, K and Si were studied in a soil column experiment. Budgets were constructed considering amounts in drainage water, accumulation in plants and changes in the pools of exchangeable ions (BaCl2 extractions). Drainage was the most important sink under the experimental conditions imposed, but the other two pools were also of quantitative significance. Plants had a significant positive effect on the total quantities of all elements mobilized. Mycorrhizal colonisation had limited quantitative impact on the mobilization, probably because the chosen mycorrhizal fungi did not cause any growth promotion in this experiment. Despite this, a multivariate analysis (PCA) showed a clear separate grouping of mycorrhizal, non-mycorrhizal and no-plant treatments, and in particular Si and K mobilization was related to soil biological variables which in turn were affected by the presence of mycorrhiza. When K was omitted from the watering solution, plants were able to mobilise significantly more K, which was reflected in plant uptake and a potential replenishment of the exchangeable pool. Up-scaling of total Al, K and Si mobilization to field conditions resulted in rates between equal to and up to 10 times higher than the average historical weathering rate.
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| 9. |
- Arwidsson, Zandra, et al.
(författare)
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Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil washing residues with amino polycarboxylic acids
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 173:1-3, s. 697-704
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Removal of Cu, Pb, and Zn by the action of the two biodegradable chelating agents [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), as well as citric acid, was tested. Three soil samples, which had previously been treated by conventional soil washing (water), were utilized in the leaching tests. Experiments were performed in batches (0.3 kg-scale) and with a WTC-mixer system (Water Treatment Construction, 10 kg-scale). EDDS and MGDA were most often equally efficient in removing Cu, Pb, and Zn after 10-60 min. Nonetheless, after 10 d, there were occasionally significant differences in extraction efficiencies. Extraction with citric acid was generally less efficient, however equal for Zn (mainly) after 10 d. Metal removal was similar in batch and WTC-mixer systems, which indicates that a dynamic mixer system could be used in full-scale. Use of biodegradable amino polycarboxylic acids for metal removal, as a second step after soil washing, would release most remaining metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) from the present soils, however only after long leaching time. Thus, a full-scale procedure, based on enhanced metal leaching by amino polycarboxylic acids from soil of the present kind, Would require a pre-leaching step lasting several days in order to be efficient. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Arwidsson, Zandra, et al.
(författare)
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Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil by Organic Metabolites from Fungi I—Production of Organic Acids
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Berlin, Germany : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 205:1-4, s. 215-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigations were made on living strains offungi in a bioremediation process of three metal (lead)contaminated soils. Three saprotrophic fungi (Aspergillusniger, Penicillium bilaiae, and a Penicillium sp.) wereexposed to poor and rich nutrient conditions (no carbonavailability or 0.11 M D-glucose, respectively) andmetal stress (25 μM lead or contaminated soils) for5 days. Exudation of low molecular weight organicacids was investigated as a response to the metal andnutrient conditions. Main organic acids identified wereoxalic acid (A. niger) and citric acid (P. bilaiae).Exudation rates of oxalate decreased in response tolead exposure, while exudation rates of citrate were lessaffected. Total production under poor nutrient conditionswas low, except for A. niger, for which nosignificant difference was found between the poor andrich control. Maximum exudation rates were 20 μmoloxalic acid g^−1 biomass h^−1 (A. niger) and 20 μmolcitric acid g^−1 biomass h^−1 (P. bilaiae), in the presenceof the contaminated soil, but only 5 μmol organic acidsg^−1 biomass h^−1, in total, for the Penicillium sp. Therewas a significant mobilization of metals from the soilsin the carbon rich treatments and maximum release ofPb was 12% from the soils after 5 days. This was notsufficient to bring down the remaining concentration tothe target level 300 mg kg^−1 from initial levels of 3,800,1,600, and 370 mg kg^−1in the three soils. Target levelsfor Ni, Zn, and Cu, were 120, 500, and 200 mg kg^−1,respectively, and were prior to the bioremediationalready below these concentrations (except for Cu Soil1). However, maximum release of Ni, Zn, and Cu was28%, 35%, and 90%, respectively. The release of metalswas related to the production of chelating acids, but alsoto the pH-decrease. This illustrates the potential to usefungi exudates in bioremediation of contaminated soil.Nonetheless, the extent of the generation of organicacids is depending on several processes and mechanismsthat need to be further investigated.
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