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- Judd, N., et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 117:22, s. 12411-12418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated (r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence.
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- De Pontieu, B., et al.
(författare)
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Rapid Temporal Variability of Faculae: High-Resolution Observations and Modeling
- 2006
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Ingår i: The Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 646:2, s. 1405-1420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present high-resolution G-band observations (obtained with the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope) of the rapid temporal variability of faculae, which occurs on granular timescales. By combining these observations with magnetoconvection simulations of a plage region, we show that much of this variability is not intrinsic to the magnetic field concentrations that are associated with faculae, but rather a phenomenon associated with the normal evolution and splitting of granules. We also show examples of facular variability caused by changes in the magnetic field, with movies of dynamic behavior of the striations that dominate much of the facular appearance at 0.1" resolution. Examples of these dynamics include merging, splitting, rapid motion, apparent fluting, and possibly swaying.
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- Scharmer, Göran B., et al.
(författare)
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CRISP spectropolarimetric imaging of penumbral fine structure
- 2008
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8205 .- 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 689:1, s. L69-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss penumbral fine structure in a small part of a pore, observed with the CRISP imaging spectropolarimeter at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST), close to its diffraction limit of 0.16 . Milne-Eddington inversions applied to these Stokes data reveal large variations of field strength and inclination angle over dark-cored penumbral intrusions and a dark-cored light bridge. The mid-outer part of this penumbra structure shows 0.3 wide spines, separated by 1.6 (1200 km) and associated with 30° inclination variations. Between these spines, there are no small-scale magnetic structures that easily can be identified with individual flux tubes. A structure with nearly 10° more vertical and weaker magnetic field is seen midway between two spines. This structure is cospatial with the brightest penumbral filament, possibly indicating the location of a convective upflow from below.
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