| 1. |
- van Zalk, Nejra, et al.
(författare)
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Social anxiety as a basis for friendship selection and socialization in asolescents' social networks
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of personality. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0022-3506 .- 1467-6494. ; 79:3, s. 499-526
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Socially anxious children and adolescents have previously been found to have friends with similarly socially anxious, withdrawn behavioral characteristics. How peers might socialize social anxiety over time has, however, not been thoroughly investigated before. We examined this in a sample of 834 youths (339 girls, and 495 boys; M=14.29), followed for three years. We used the social network analysis software, SIENA, to analyze the data. The results showed that youths who were socially anxious were less popular and chose fewer friends in the network. They also tended to choose friends who were socially anxious, and over time they influenced each other into becoming more socially anxious – over and above other effects. Finally, girls' social anxiety was more influenced than boys' by their friends' social anxiety levels. The results showed the significance of looking at socially anxious youths' friendships over time, and embedded in social networks.
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| 2. |
- Van Zalk, Maarten Herman Walter, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Influences Between Online-Exclusive, Conjoint and Offline-Exclusive Friendship Networks : The Moderating Role of Shyness
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - Hoboken : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 28:2, s. 134-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior research has indicated that shy adolescents are more motivated to form friendships online than to form friendships offline. Little is known about whether having friendships found exclusively online may impact self-esteem and forming offline friendships for these adolescents. This study therefore aimed to provide insight into the moderating role of shyness in the longitudinal interplay between friendships in online and offline contexts in early adolescence. Adolescents and their friends (193 girls, 196 boys; M-age = 13.29) were followed with three consecutive measurements with intervals of eight months. Results showed that particularly for shy adolescents, having friends exclusively online predicted increases in self-esteem. Self-esteem, in turn, was found to predict forming more friendships found both offline and online and forming more friendships found exclusively offline. Thus, findings supported the social compensation perspective that shy adolescents may benefit from having friends exclusively online, as these friendships may increase self-esteem, thereby facilitating the formation of friendships found partially and completely offline. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 3. |
- van Zalk, Maarten, et al.
(författare)
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Xenophobia and tolerance toward immigrants in adolescence : cross-influence processes within friendships
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0091-0627 .- 1573-2835. ; 41:4, s. 627-639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To what extent do adolescents and their friends socialize each others' attitudes toward immigrants? Can friends' positive attitudes toward immigrants counter adolescents' negative attitudes toward immigrants, and do friends' negative attitudes decrease adolescents' positive attitudes? These questions were examined by following a large (N = 1,472) friendship network of adolescents (49.2 % girls; M (age) = 13.31 at first measurement) across three annual measurements. Selection and influence processes regarding tolerance and xenophobia were distinguished with longitudinal social network analyses, controlling for effects of age, gender, and immigrant background. Findings showed that friends' tolerance predicted increases in adolescents' tolerance and friends' xenophobia predicted increases in adolescents' xenophobia. Moreover, friends' tolerance predicted a lower likelihood of adolescents' xenophobia increasing. The current results suggest that interventions should distinguish between tolerance and xenophobia, as these appear to represent two separate dimensions that are each influenced in specific ways by friends' tolerance and xenophobia.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Van Zalk, Nejra, et al.
(författare)
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Socialization of social anxiety in adolescent crowds
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0091-0627 .- 1573-2835. ; 39:8, s. 1239-1249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we looked at whether social anxiety is socialized, or influenced by peers' social anxiety, more in some peer crowds than others. Adolescents in crowds with eye-catching appearances such as Goths and Punks (here termed Radical), were compared with three comparison groups. Using data from 796 adolescents (353 girls and 443 boys; M-age=13.36) at three timepoints, the results show that adolescents affiliating with the Radical crowd tended to select peers from the same crowd group. Being a member of a crowd in itself did not predict socialization of social anxiety, but adolescents in the Radical crowd were more influenced by their peers' social anxiety than adolescents who did not affiliate with the Radical crowd group. The results suggest that through a bidirectional process, adolescents affiliating with Radical crowds may narrow their peer relationship ties in time, and in turn socialize each other's social anxiety.
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| 6. |
- Van Zalk, Nejra, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of perceived care and connectedness with friends and parents for adolescent social anxiety
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of personality. - : Wiley. - 0022-3506 .- 1467-6494. ; 83:3, s. 346-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonclinical social anxiety in adolescence can be highly problematic, as it likely affects current and especially new social interactions. Relationships with significant others, such as close friends, mothers, and fathers, could aid socially anxious adolescents' participation in social situations, thereby helping reduce feelings of social anxiety. We examined whether making friends as well as high friendship quality help reduce social anxiety over time, and whether friends', mothers', and fathers' care interact in reducing social anxiety. Using longitudinal data from 2,194 participants in a social network (48% girls; Mage = 13.58) followed for 3 years, we estimated friendship selection and influence processes via a continuous time-modeling approach using SIENA. We controlled for the effects of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, gender, age, and family structure. Our findings suggest that perceived care by friends mediated the effect of making friends on social anxiety. Perceptions of mother and father, as well as friend care and connectedness, respectively, did not interact in decreasing social anxiety. Nonetheless, care and connectedness with mothers, fathers, and friends jointly predicted decreases in social anxiety. Caring relationships with friends and parents each play a role in mutually protecting early adolescents against increasing in social anxiety over time.
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| 7. |
- Denissen, Jaap J. A., et al.
(författare)
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Antecedents and consequences of peer-rated intelligence
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 25:2, s. 108-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study investigated the antecedents and consequences of peer-rated intelligence in a longitudinal round robin design, following previously unacquainted members of small student work groups. Results indicated that peer-reputations of intelligence were reliable, stable and weakly correlated with objective intelligence. Bias was shown by correlations with interpersonal liking (decreasing across time) and idiosyncratic rating tendencies (increasing across time). Agreement between self-ratings and peer-reputations increased over time but was not based on increasing accuracy but on reciprocal associations between self-ratings and peer-reputations in the beginning of the acquaintanceship process, and on peer-reputations predicting changes in self-ratings later on. Finally, it was shown that peer-rated intelligence reputations predict academic achievement across two 4-month periods (even when tested intelligence was controlled) and dropout from university after 8 months. Overall, the pattern of results demonstrates the utility of a socioanalytic perspective in analysing personality and social processes.
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| 8. |
- Deuling, Jacqueline K., et al.
(författare)
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Perceived influence in groups over time : how associations with personality and cognitive ability can change over time
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Research in Personality. - : Elsevier BV. - 0092-6566 .- 1095-7251. ; 45:6, s. 576-585
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability of personality and cognitive ability to predict perceptions of group influence in small work groups are assessed both in initial and advanced stages of group formation. Extraversion is found important to initial perceptions of intra-group influence, which is partially mediated by peer-perceived social-emotional usefulness. After a few months, reputations are established and everyone has met: now work needs to get done efficiently and accurately and cognitive ability predicts increases in perceived group influence, which is partially mediated by perceived intelligence. After even more time, other Big Five personality traits become important to changes in perceived group influence, with positive associations with openness to experience, and negative associations with neuroticism and conscientiousness. The study findings and implications are discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Dufner, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Are Actual and Perceived Intellectual Self-enhancers Evaluated Differently by Social Perceivers?
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - : SAGE Publications. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 27:6, s. 621-633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do actual and perceived self-enhancement entail differing social impressions (i.e. interpersonal evaluations)? Actual self-enhancement represents unduly positive self-views, as gauged by an objective criterion (in this case, IQ scores), whereas perceived self-enhancement involves the extent to which an individual is seen by informants (i.e. peers or observers) as self-enhancing. In an online survey (N=337), a laboratory experiment (N=75), and a round-robin study (N=183), we tested the effects of actual and perceived intellectual self-enhancement on (informant-rated) emotional stability, social attractiveness, and social influence. Actual self-enhancers were rated as emotionally stable, socially attractive, and socially influential. High perceived self-enhancers were judged as socially influential, whereas low-to-moderate perceived self-enhancers were deemed emotionally stable and socially attractive. Privately entertained, illusory positive (even extreme) self-beliefs confer social benefits, whereas being perceived as self-enhancing buys social influence at the cost of being despised. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Dufner, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Positive intelligence illusions : on the relation between intellectual self-enhancement and psychological adjustment
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of personality. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0022-3506 .- 1467-6494. ; 80:3, s. 537-572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation between self-enhancement and psychological adjustment has been debated for over 2 decades. This controversy is partly due to the variety of approaches implicated in the assessment of mainly self-enhancement but also psychological adjustment. We adopted a face-valid approach by statistically removing actual intellectual ability variance from self-rated intellectual ability variance. Study 1 (N?=?2,048), a concurrent Internet investigation, provided initial insight into the relation between intellectual self-enhancement and psychological adjustment. Study 2 (N?=?238), a longitudinal round-robin investigation, allowed a closer examination of the dynamic processes underlying this relation. Self-enhancement was positively linked to multiple indicators of intrapersonal and interpersonal adjustment, and predicted rank-order increases in adjustment over time. The links between intellectual self-enhancement and intrapersonal adjustment were mediated by self-esteem. Finally, the interpersonal costs and benefits of self-enhancement systematically varied depending on methodology.
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