| 1. |
- Bergman, Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 49, s. 57-82
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50 years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PERs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physicochemical constants.
|
|
| 2. |
- de Boer, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
-
Global interlaboratory assessments on PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants in various environmental matrices 2017/2019
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 295
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global monitoring plan under the Stockholm Convention contributing laboratories were offered to take part in a series of interlaboratory assessments on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The results of two rounds of these assessments are reported. The target compounds were polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenylethers, one polybrominated biphenyl and hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers. The matrices distributed were a test solution, fish, sediment, human milk, and air extracts. The number of participants in each round was well over 100, showing the interest of laboratories worldwide. The results showed that many laboratories still struggle to obtain acceptable standard deviations of around 25% for their determinations. In particular for organochlorine pesticides serious improvement in quality is required. Acceptable results were obtained for the air extracts and for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers in various matrices.
|
|
| 3. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of four rounds of interlaboratory tests within the UNEP-coordinated POPs projects
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 288
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2005, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has supported developing countries with capacity building, including on-site training courses and provision on laboratory materials and consumables, and analysis of samples from Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC) in designated expert laboratories. In order to check the performance of laboratories analyzing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and giving trust into chemical analytical results, four rounds of interlaboratory assessments (ILs) were organized between 2010 and 2019. These were open to all POPs laboratories. In total, 41 575 z-scores, as indicators of performance, were generated in these four ILs; of these, 8912 were from laboratories in countries supported by UNEP projects and 3923 were from expert laboratories; these together constitute 31% of the total. 69% of all z-scores came from laboratories not participating in the UNEP projects, especially from China, who recognized the importance of such exercises for quality control at an early stage. The results showed that POPs analytical capacity has increased over the years, but some gaps could not be closed especially not when LC-MS/MS equipment is essential such as for PFAS and congener-specific HBCD. Use of mass spectrometers provides better results than ECD instruments due to the broad spectrum of organochlorine pesticides to be analyzed under the Stockholm Convention. The main conclusion for all laboratories is that interlaboratory assessments provide important and objective snapshots of performance for the laboratories themselves and for external clients. The methods used in any interlaboratory testing should be the same as during routine analysis between such tests.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Bi-ennial Global Interlaboratory Assessment on Persistent Organic Pollutants – Fourth Round 2018/2019
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The fourth Bi-ennial Global Interlaboratory Assessment on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was organized in 2018. After invitation to participate in this fourth round of the proficiency test, 148 laboratories from 62 countries had registered. In comparison to the 3rd round in which 175 laboratories had registered, this was somewhat lower. However, again several new laboratories (participating for the first time) joined this exercise. The test materials included test solutions of analytical standards, the abiotic matrices included sediment, air (extract) and water and the biotic matrices were fish, human milk and human plasma. The results for the 23 groups of POPs that were listed in the annexes of the Stockholm Convention until 2013 and in addition hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate were assessed. This resulted in a report with a wealth of information on POP analysis and a huge dataset from which the laboratories can evaluate their own methods and performance.The Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) of the Stockholm Convention requires that POP laboratories must be capable – at any time – to analyse samples for POPs within a variation of ±25%. Based on this target error of 25%, the statistical model used provided z-scores based on which the performance of each laboratory for each analyte in each matrix can be assessed.The results show a scattered picture and in comparison, with previous rounds, the performance of many laboratories receded. For a number of analytes, in particularly for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the performance was disappointing. In addition, several laboratories which had been trained within UNEP’s or other’s capacity building projects and have participated in this scheme for three or four times did not meet the expectations. Relatively low concentrations of OCPs in the test materials and a low fat content in the fish matrix could have played a role. However, these materials are realistic and non-spiked test materials.A large number of laboratories only analysed a few matrices and especially the standard test solutions, where it was expected that after four rounds of this study, the capacity of the laboratories would have been extended to the analysis of most POPs and the performance would steadily improve. The standard test solution results were often disappointing as well.More experienced laboratories showed a good to very good performance for chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like (dl)-PCB, and for PBDE, PFASs and HBCD (alpha-HBCD in fish and gamma-HBCD in sediment). The toxaphene results were encouraging for the test solutions but in a next round, test materials need higher concentrations of toxaphene to enable a realistic test.This interlaboratory assessment on POPs remains to be among the largest ever organised. Given the overwhelming interest in this study and the need for a substantial increase in quality for many laboratories, it is strongly advised to continue with this study on a bi-ennial basis.
|
|
| 6. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Interlaboratory assessments for dioxin-like POPs (2016/2017 and 2018/2019)
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 288:Pt 1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the two rounds of the UNEP-coordinated 'Biennial interlaboratory assessments of POPs laboratories, which were implemented in 2016/2017 and 2018/2019, 56 and 46 laboratories submitted results for dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (dl-POPs). Test matrices consisted of solutions of analytical standards and naturally contaminated sediment, air extract, fish and human milk. Performance assessment using z-scores so that satisfactory performance corresponded to 2 z = ±25%, which is recommended for laboratories submitting data to the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Participation has shown that analytical capacity for analyzing dl-POPs exist in all UN regions; however, in Africa and Central and Eastern European countries capacities are (very) limited; in Latin America capacity is increasing. The presence of dioxin laboratories is not limited to industrialized or OECD countries but also present in developing countries such as China, Brazil, Egypt, Thailand, or Vietnam. Laboratories using established methods based on gas chromatographs coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometers (sector field instruments only) by far had the best results. Among the test samples, human milk and especially fish in the last round posed severe problems to all laboratories so that performance has to improve, especially in foodstuff at (very) low concentrations.
|
|
| 7. |
- Schellenberger, Steffen, et al.
(författare)
-
Performance and hazard assessment of fluorinated and non-fluorinated state-of-the-art DWR-polymers
- 2016
-
Ingår i: SETAC Nantes 2016.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Durable water repellent (DWR) impregnation is applied in textile finishing to impart water and, depending on impregnation chemicals, oil and stain resistance to textiles. Following the phase-out of the mosteffective and predominating DWR-technology based on long-chain perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), the textile industry had to find suitable alternatives. This phase-out has resulted in a market where bothfluorinated and non-fluorinated DWRs are available, dividable into three broad groups: short chain PFAS-based, silicone-based and hydrocarbonbased polymers. During our research in the SUPFES (Substitution of prioritised poly- and perfluorinated chemicals to eliminate diffusesources) project, the alternative DWRs were assessed with regards to: (i)their structural properties and connected performance, (ii) loss and degradation processes resulting in diffuse environmental emissions, and (iii) hazard profile for selected emitted substances. We worked withDWR-chemistry and raw material producers to appropriately treat two commercially relevant types of fabrics with the DWR alternative chemistries (fluorinated and non-fluorinated). We compared the performance of the treated fabrics developed in the project by testing the following properties using industrial standardised methods: generalproperties, physical properties, DWR properties and tabilities of properties considering relevant stress- parameters. We demonstrated that non-fluorinated alternatives can have a competitive water repellency incomparison to short-chain PFAS substitutes, but that they lack oil repellence. We further estimated possible loss mechanisms for impurities and/or degradation products from DWR-treated fabrics and conducted a hazard assessment for relevant chemicals based on data available in the literature. Our hazard ranking suggests that hydrocarbonbasedpolymers are the most environmentally benign, followed bysilicone- and fluorocarbon-based polymers. Future work will include risk assessment and life cycle assessments (LCA) to estimate long-term advantages and disadvantages of the different DWR-technologies.
|
|
| 8. |
- van der Veen, Ike, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances analysis under the Stockholm Convention - 2018/2019
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 313
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The comparability of laboratories for the analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was assessed in the fourth round (2018/2019) of a series of interlaboratory assessments coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in support of the Stockholm Convention quality assurance activities as to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) laboratories reporting data under this Convention. The participating laboratories were asked to analyse PFAS concentrations in a test solution of the target compounds, in the four core matrices of the global monitoring plan (GMP), human milk, human plasma, an air extract, and water, and in a sediment and a fish matrix. 39 participating laboratories submitted PFAS data for one or more test materials. The majority of the participating laboratories originated from the Asia-Pacific region, and from the 'Western European and other groups' (WEOG). Only one laboratory from the group 'Latin America and Caribbean' (GRULAC), and two from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) region submitted results. None of the African laboratories submitted data. The coefficients of variation (CVs) varied from 7% to 24% (mean 14%) for the test solution. Mean CVs for all matrices, except for the human plasma test material (18%), were above the satisfactory limit of 25%. The highest mean CV was found for human milk (61%). In total 1457 z-scores were assigned of which 64% were satisfactory (|z| < 2). Instrumentation used was mainly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in combination with various mass spectrometric (MS) techniques, in most cases tandem MS (MS/MS). Additional PFAS beyond perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which are listed at the Stockholm Convention POPs list, as well as water as a matrix for PFAS only and human plasma were added as a service for the laboratories.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- van der Veen, Ike, et al.
(författare)
-
Development and validation of a method for the quantification of extractable perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in textiles
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Talanta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-9140 .- 1873-3573. ; 147, s. 8-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In textiles, like outdoor clothing, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are often used for durable water repellency (DWR) of the final products. The analytical performance to determine the concentration of these chemicals available for exposure to humans and to the environment need to be established. Here a method for the extraction and analysis of one class of PFASs, namely perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), in outdoor clothing was developed and validated. The PFAAs which were validated, included perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (C4-C14), and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (C4, C6, C7, C8). In addition, perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) was included in this study. The method was based on an organic solvent extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). No further cleaning was needed. Two commonly used organic solvent compositions were evaluated for the optimal extraction, i.e. methanol and acetone/acetonitrile (80:20, v/v), and the number and duration of the sequential extractions were optimized. Results showed that two sequential extractions with 5 mL methanol and an extraction time of 30 min gave an optimal performance with an extraction efficiency of >90%. The influence of matrix on the quantification of PFAAs was studied. This indicated ion suppression due to different matrix effects or sorption behavior to specific textile samples. Validation of the entire method showed overall recoveries of>80% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of<9% (n=3) for repeatability and <20% (n=3) for reproducibility. This is the first validation of an analytical method for the analysis of extractable PFCAs, PFSAs and FOSA associated to textiles, which is of high importance due to the regulation of PFAAs in textile.
|
|
