| 1. |
- van der Vleuten, Maaike, et al.
(författare)
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Same-Sex Couples’ Division of Labor from a Cross-National Perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of GLBT Family Studies. - 1550-428X .- 1550-4298. ; 17:2, s. 150-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study concerns how male and female same-sex couples across countries organize their paid and household labor. Using unique data compiled from multiple national surveys in 7 western countries (N = 723), we examined same-sex couples’ paid and household task allocation and evaluate descriptively how this is associated with countries’ gender egalitarianism. For paid labor, results indicate that female same-sex couples spend less time in total on paid employment than male same-sex couples, but both male and female same-sex couples divide their hours of paid employment equally. For household labor, we find that female couples divide their household tasks more equally than male couples. Moreover, more gender egalitarian countries appear to be correlated to increasing differences between male and female same-sex couples’ total time spent on the labor market and to decreasing differences in how equal they divide their household labor. These findings suggest that larger, society-wide, gender regimes might be an important avenue for future research when studying same-sex couples paid and unpaid labor.
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| 2. |
- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Social Stratification by Gender and Parenthood : The Importance of Family Formation, Gender Roles, and Ideals
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Oxford Handbook of Social Stratification. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780197539484 - 9780197539514 ; , s. C35S1-C35N1
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter discusses theories and research on social stratification by gender, focusing on wage and earnings inequalities. The first part describes changes over time in gendered economic inequalities and discusses the various theories used to account for the gender pay gap from demand-side and supply-side perspectives. The division of paid and unpaid work changes considerably when couples have children. The second part of the chapter discusses research on the earnings gap and the theories aimed at explaining why the majority of women, and rarely men, take the parental leave and reduce their work hours when children are young. Finally, the chapter teases out the relevance of these theories by comparing how the transition to parenthood links to relative income development in female same-sex and different-sex couples in the Nordic countries. Findings suggest that the doing of gender and identity formation may be the most important factors explaining birth mothers’ relative earnings development.
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| 3. |
- Moberg, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Why do gendered divisions of labour persist? Parental leave take-up among adoptive and biological parents
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 39:2, s. 210-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mothers’ longer time out of the labour market due to parental leave has been proposed as one of the main determinants of the gender pay gap. This study focuses on the mechanisms behind the gendered division of care after entering parenthood. By comparing paid parental leave use of biological parents (where mothers gave birth) to adoptive parents (where they did not), we assess to what extend the unequal division of care can be explained by physiological aspects of motherhood or if other explanations, like gender norms or financial motives, can explain these differences. We analyse Swedish register data from 1994 to 2009 on couples whose first child was biological (N = 114,479) or adopted (N = 5,467) (between-family comparisons) and for families who had both adopted and biological children (within-family comparisons; N = 1,033). We find highly similar patterns in the division, length, and timing of parental leave for biological and adoptive children. Both biological and adoptive mothers take the majority of leave (78–82 per cent), the longest leave, and the first leave period. We conclude that persistent norms of mothers as caregivers/homemakers and fathers as breadwinners shape parents’ use of parental leave to a greater extent than factors related to biological motherhood or financial motives.
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| 4. |
- Sánchez Guerrero, Laia, et al.
(författare)
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A Time of Great Change : How Parents, Friends, and Classmates Shape Adolescents’ Attitudes towards the Gender Division of Labor
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. - 0047-2891 .- 1573-6601. ; 52:9, s. 1811-1828
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents are crucial in the construction of their children’s attitudes towards the gender division of labor. However, little is known about the extent to which parents’ influences on their children’s attitudes weaken in favor of peers during adolescence. This study explores how gender beliefs of parents, friends, and classmates shape adolescents’ attitudes towards the gender division of labor in Sweden, Germany, England, and the Netherlands. It extends previous research which predominantly examined parent-child transmission. The analysis draws on 4645 children (at wave 1: Mage = 14.9, SDage = 0.67, females = 50%) of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. Regression analyses of within-person changes in attitudes show that adolescents on average become more egalitarian from age 15 to 16 and significantly adapt their own beliefs to those of their parents, friends, and classmates. In cases of opposing beliefs, adolescents tended to adapt more strongly to whoever held more egalitarian views, possibly aligning with more widespread norms of egalitarianism. The findings show great similarity in adaptation processes across countries and align well with a multi-layered conceptualization of gender as a social structure that shapes gender attitudes.
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| 5. |
- van der Vleuten, Maaike
(författare)
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Gender Differences in Fields of Study : The Role of Comparative Advantage for Trajectory Choices in Upper Secondary Education
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Education. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-0574 .- 2515-5741. ; 203:2, s. 331-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Absolute ability/achievement does not explain gender differences in educational trajectories, but the role of comparative advantage (i.e., being better in one subject compared to another) has received much less attention. To study this, longitudinal data collected among 1,352 individuals (age 15-16) in upper secondary education in the Netherlands are used. Multinomial path analyses showed that compared to girls, boys are on average 15% more likely to enter the most male-typical trajectory and 16% less likely to enter the most female-typical trajectory. Although having a comparative advantage affects trajectory choices, it does not explain gender differences in trajectory choices in secondary education.
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| 6. |
- van der Vleuten, Maaike, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Joint Utility or Sub-optimal Outcomes? Household Income Development of Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples Transitioning to Parenthood in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Family Issues. - 0192-513X .- 1552-5481.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unequal divisions of paid work and care among new parents contribute to increasing inequalities. One explanation for this is joint utility maximization and the benefits of partners (temporarily) specializing in paid work and care. This paper examines the (dis)advantages of specializing compared to dividing tasks more equally by studying whether differences in specialization between same-sex and different-sex couples lead to differences in household earnings after entering parenthood. Using register data from Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden and examining first-time parents, we show that female couples have a more equal within-couple income development during the transition to parenthood than different-sex couples do. However, we find no differences in household income (including or excluding social transfers) between the two types of couples. Although a more equal task division may be preferred from an individual perspective, our results show no evidence of a “best strategy” when it comes to maximizing household income.
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| 7. |
- van der Vleuten, Maaike, et al.
(författare)
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Sibling influence in field of study choices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 0276-5624 .- 1878-5654. ; 68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluates sibling similarities in field of study choices after secondary education in the Netherlands. Based on social learning theory, it was argued that younger siblings follow their older sibling's field of study choices. This is more likely to occur when siblings differ more in age, older siblings are higher educated or when siblings are of the same sex. Data from the fifth wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in the Netherlands were used. We analyzed 4556 children in 2923 families using conditional logit models. Congruent with the social learning theory, younger siblings follow their older sibling's fields of study, especially when they are of the same sex. There is no evidence that sibling similarities are dependent on differences in age or edu-cation level of the older sibling. They are also present irrespective of parental influence and independent of the specific field chosen by the older sibling. Siblings are therefore - next to parents - an important aspect of the home environment that shapes field of study choices.
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