| 1. |
- Aabel, Peder, et al.
(författare)
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Transcription and microRNA Profiling of Cultured Human Tympanic Membrane Epidermal Keratinocytes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology. - : SPRINGER. - 1525-3961 .- 1438-7573. ; 19:3, s. 243-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The human tympanic membrane (TM) has a thin outer epidermal layer which plays an important role in TM homeostasis and ear health. The specialised cells of the TM epidermis have a different physiology compared to normal skin epidermal keratinocytes, displaying a dynamic and constitutive migration that maintains a clear TM surface and assists in regeneration. Here, we characterise and compare molecular phenotypes in keratinocyte cultures from TM and normal skin. TM keratinocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion and cultured in vitro. We compared global mRNA and microRNA expression of the cultured cells with that of human epidermal keratinocyte cultures. Genes with either relatively higher or lower expression were analysed further using the biostatistical tools g:Profiler and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Approximately 500 genes were found differentially expressed. Gene ontology enrichment and Ingenuity analyses identified cellular migration and closely related biological processes to be the most significant functions of the genes highly expressed in the TM keratinocytes. The genes of low expression showed a marked difference in homeobox (HOX) genes of clusters A and C, giving the TM keratinocytes a strikingly low HOX gene expression profile. An in vitro scratch wound assay showed a more individualised cell movement in cells from the tympanic membrane than normal epidermal keratinocytes. We identified 10 microRNAs with differential expression, several of which can also be linked to regulation of cell migration and expression of HOX genes. Our data provides clues to understanding the specific physiological properties of TM keratinocytes, including candidate genes for constitutive migration, and may thus help focus further research.
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| 2. |
- Allardyce, Benjamin J., et al.
(författare)
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Comparative acoustic performance and mechanical properties of silk membranes for the repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforations
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-6161 .- 1878-0180. ; 64, s. 65-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The acoustic and mechanical properties of silk membranes of different thicknesses were tested to determine their suitability as a repair material for tympanic membrane perforations. Membranes of different thickness (10-100 mu m) were tested to determine their frequency response and their resistance to pressure loads in a simulated ear canal model. Their mechanical rigidity to pressure loads was confirmed by tensile testing. These membranes were tested alongside animal cartilage, currently the strongest available myringoplasty graft as well as paper, which is commonly used for simpler procedures. Silk membranes showed resonant frequencies within the human hearing range and a higher vibrational amplitude than cartilage, suggesting that silk may offer good acoustic energy transfer characteristics. Silk membranes were also highly resistant to simulated pressure changes in the middle ear, suggesting they can resist retraction, a common cause of graft failure resulting from chronic negative pressures in the middle ear. Part of this strength can be explained by the substantially higher modulus of silk films compared with cartilage. This allows for the production of films that are much thinner than cartilage, with superior acoustic properties, but that still provide the same level of mechanical support as thicker cartilage. Together, these in vitro results suggest that silk membranes may provide good hearing outcomes while offering similar levels of mechanical support to the reconstructed middle ear.
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| 3. |
- Berling Holm, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Surgery for chronic otitis media causes greater taste disturbance than surgery for otosclerosis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Otology and Neurotology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 40:1, s. e32-e39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Patients with otosclerosis more often complain about postoperative taste disturbance than patients with chronic otitis media, which seems paradoxical. We aim to investigate if and potentially why this seems to be the case, since the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) is thought to be severely traumatized less frequently during surgery in the former than in the latter.Study Design: Prospective cohort study.Setting: Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Hospital of Vastmanland, Vasteras, Sweden.Patients: Sixty-five adults undergoing primary middle ear surgery were included. Thirty-seven were operated on for chronic suppurative otitis media with or without cholesteatoma (CSOM) and 28 for otosclerosis.Interventions: Middle ear surgery due to otosclerosis or CSOM. Subjective and objective taste measurements and quality of life (QoL) questionnaire.Main Outcome Measures: Taste was assessed using electrogustometry (EGM) and the filter paper disc (FPD) method before and up to 1 year after surgery. Questionnaires on taste disturbance, including a visual analogue scale (VAS), and QoL were completed before and up to 1 year after surgery.Results: Subjective taste disturbance anytime during the 1-year follow-up were reported by 62 and 46%, respectively. The difference in EGM 1 week after surgery compared with preoperative EGM was significantly greater among CSOM patients than otosclerosis. One year postoperatively, the difference is non-significant.Conclusion: Surgery for CSOM causes greater initial and more long-lasting taste disturbances as compared with surgery for otosclerosis. One-year postoperative taste normalizes for both CSOM and otosclerosis patients according to VAS and EGM measurements. No real change in QoL was seen 1-year postoperatively.
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| 4. |
- Berling Holm, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Taste disturbance after stapes surgery : an evaluation of frequency, severity, duration, and quality-of-life
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 37:1, s. 39-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusion: The incidence of taste disturbance after stapes surgery is high (61.9 %), whereas the majority (94.8 %) recovers within 1 year. More severe surgical nerve trauma caused more disturbance, implying that the nerve should be handled carefully during surgery. Objectives: Patients operated on for otosclerosis seem more often to complain about post-operative taste disturbance than those operated on for chronic otitis media, although the chorda tympani nerve more seldom becomes maltreated in stapedotomy. These observations seem paradoxical. It is unclear to what extent a post-operative taste disturbance affects the quality-of-life. This study aims to shed light on the occurrence of post-operative taste disturbances, on possible prognostic factors, and to what extent post-operative taste disturbance impairs the quality-of-life. Methods: One hundred and thirty-four adults undergoing primary stapedotomy were included. Questionnaires on taste disturbance and quality-of-life (SF-36) were answered before and after surgery, until 1 year post-operatively. Results: Eighty-three (61.9%) study persons reported post-operative taste disturbance. Seven (5.2%) reported persisting disturbance at 1 year. Surgically more traumatized chorda tympani nerves correlated with more severe taste disturbance post-operatively than less traumatized. Taste disturbance at 1 year post-operatively correlate with a decrease of the physical function domain in the SF-36.
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| 5. |
- Berling Holm, Katarina
(författare)
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The Chorda Tympani Nerve : Role in Taste Impairment in Middle Ear Disease and after Ear Surgery
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chorda tympani nerve, also known as the taste nerve, runs uncovered through the middle ear cavity, a localization that exposes the nerve to pathological processes and surgical trauma in the middle ear. People operated on for otosclerosis tend to complain more about postoperative taste disturbances than those operated on for chronic otitis media. It has been suggested that this difference may be explained by gradual deterioration of chorda tympani nerve function caused by chronic otitis media infection and that further impairment caused by surgery is less noticeable in these patients.This thesis aimed to evaluate the function of the chorda tympani nerve, the effects of middle ear disease on taste and complications resulting from ear surgery for chronic otitis media or otosclerosis. This information will help to improve the ear surgeon’s ability to predict the prognosis of iatrogenic taste disturbances in patients with middle ear disease and after ear surgery.Taste was assessed using electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method before and after surgery for chronic otitis media or otosclerosis. Patients also completed questionnaires about symptoms and quality of life. The status of the chorda tympani nerve upon surgical opening of the ear and grading of the trauma to the nerve during the surgery were recorded. The ultrastructure of the chorda tympani nerve from healthy ears and from ears with chronic otitis media was examined. Electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method were evaluated.The results of electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method were highly reproducible, although their correlation was moderate. Patients with chronic otitis media, patients with a more traumatized nerve, female patients and younger patients were more likely to report postoperative taste disturbances. Most of the patients recovered their taste after 1 year. The quality of life study showed only minor changes after surgery. Electron microscopic observations of nerves from ears with chronic otitis media showed signs of structural degeneration, although signs of regeneration, such as sprouting were also observed. This results may explain the recovery of taste postoperatively and indicate that the nerve should be carefully handled during surgery.
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| 6. |
- Berling, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method for taste assessment
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 131:5, s. 488-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusion:The results indicate that electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method are reliable methods to measure taste with a high degree of reproducibility.Objectives: To thoroughly evaluate the reliability of electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method for taste assessments.Methods:Thirty-nine healthy test persons without any history of chronic middle ear disease, aged between 27 and 62 years, were recruited. In all, 772 electrogustometry and 30 filter paper disc assessments were made. A nerve decay test was performed, with measures taken before and after eating sweet, sour, bitter, salt, a mild or spicy meal, after smoking, and after taking Swedish tobacco snuff ('snus'), as well as before and after local anesthesia of the tongue. Measurements were performed on 5 consecutive days and repeatedly during 1 day. The correlation between electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method was also studied.Results:The results indicate that electrogustometry and the filter paper disc method are reliable methods to measure taste with a high degree of reproducibility. The only actions causing significant changes in the electrogustometry readings were eating bitter a substance and having local anesthesia of the tongue. The correlation between the methods was statistically significant except for the bitter flavor, where the correlation was just below the level of significance.
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| 7. |
- Berling, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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The chorda tympani degenerates during chronic otitis media : an electron microscopy study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 135:6, s. 542-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusion: Chorda tympani nerve specimens from ears with chronic inflammatory middle ear disease exhibit structural signs of degeneration. These correlate well with taste disturbance. Simultaneously, they exhibit signs of regeneration, which may explain the ability for taste recovery. Objectives: The chorda tympani, the major taste nerve, runs uncovered through the middle ear cavity. This situation exposes it to various forms of middle ear pathology. A difference has been noticed regarding taste symptoms pre- and postoperatively between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to investigate ultrastructural changes of chorda tympani in different forms of inflammatory middle ear disease, such as chronic suppurative otitis media and cholesteatoma, as compared with normal. Methods: Five chorda tympani specimens were collected from healthy middle ears of patients subjected to surgery for acoustic neuroma, to be used as normal controls, and five from middle ears with chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma, where the nerve could not be saved during the operation. Light and electron microscopy were performed. Results: For all five nerves from diseased ears, microscopy showed a higher percentage of axon and myelin sheath degeneration than in the normal controls. Furthermore, three of the five also exhibited sprouting.
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| 8. |
- Gladine, Kilian, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Artificial Fixation of the Incus and Malleus With Minimally Invasive Intraoperative Laser Vibrometry (MIVIB) in a Temporal Bone Model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Otology and Neurotology. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 1531-7129 .- 1537-4505. ; 41:1, s. 45-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A significant number of adults suffer from conductive hearing loss due to chronic otitis media, otosclerosis, or other pathologies. An objective measurement of ossicular mobility is needed to avoid unnecessarily invasive middle ear surgery and to improve hearing outcomes.Methods: Minimally invasive intraoperative laser vibrometry provides a method that is compatible with middle ear surgery, where the tympanic membrane is elevated. The ossicles were driven by a floating mass transducer and their mobility was measured using a laser Doppler vibrometer. Utilising this method, we assessed both the absolute velocities of the umbo and incus long process as well as the incus-to-umbo velocity ratio during artificial fixation of the incus alone or incus and malleus together.Results: The reduction of absolute velocities was 8 dB greater at the umbo and 17 dB at the incus long process for incus-malleus fixations when compared with incus fixation alone. Incus fixation alone resulted in no change to the incus-to-umbo velocity ratio where incus-malleus fixations reduced this ratio (-11 dB). The change in incus velocity was shown to be the most suitable parameter to distinguish between incus fixation and incus-malleus fixation. When the whole frequency range was analyzed, one could also differentiate these two fixations from previously published stapes fixation, where the higher frequencies were less affected.Conclusion: Minimally invasive intraoperative laser vibrometry provides a promising objective analysis of ossicular mobility that would be useful intraoperatively.
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| 9. |
- Gronseth, Torstein, et al.
(författare)
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Bioactive glass S53P4 eradicatesStaphylococcus aureusin biofilm/planktonic statesin vitro
- 2020
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Ingår i: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0300-9734 .- 2000-1967. ; 125:3, s. 217-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:Increasing antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics is a substantial health threat. Bioactive glass S53P4 (BAG) has an antimicrobial effect that can reduce the use of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of BAGin vitroon staphylococci in biofilm and in planktonic form. Secondary aims were to investigate whether supernatant fluid primed from BAG retains the antibacterial capacity and if ciprofloxacin enhances the effect. Methods:BAG-S53P4 granules, <45 mu m, primed in tryptic soy broth (TSB) were investigated with granules present in TSB (100 mg/mL) and after removal of granules (100, 200, and 400 mg/mL). The efficacy of BAG to eradicateStaphylococcus aureusbiofilmin vitrowas tested using 10 different clinical strains and 1 reference strain in three test systems: the biofilm-oriented antiseptic test based on metabolic activity, the biofilm bactericidal test based on culturing surviving bacteria, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) combined with LIVE/DEAD staining. Results:Exposure to 48 h primed BAG granules (100 mg/mL) produced bactericidal effects in 11/11 strains (p = 0.001), and CLSM showed reduction of viable bacteria in biofilm (p = 0.001). Supernatant primed 14 days, 400 mg/mL, reduced metabolic activity (p < 0.001), showed bactericidal effects for 11/11 strains (p = 0.001), and CLSM showed fewer viable bacteria (p = 0.001). The supernatant primed for 48 h, or in concentrations lower than 400 mg/mL at 14 days, did not completely eradicate biofilm. Conclusion:Direct exposure to BAG granules, or primed supernatant fluid, effectively eradicatedS. aureusin biofilm. The anti-biofilm effect is time- and concentration-dependent. When BAG had reached its full antimicrobial effect, ciprofloxacin had no additional effect.
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| 10. |
- Gronseth, Torstein, et al.
(författare)
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Lugol's solution and Gentian violet eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in skin wound infections
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Wound Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1742-4801 .- 1742-481X. ; 20:1, s. 120-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Lugol's solution 5% and Gentian violet 1% against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm in vivo. The bactericidal efficacy for treatment of MRSA-biofilm skin wound infection was tested in a murine model. Luciferase-tagged S. aureus Xen31, a MRSA-strain derived from S. aureus ATCC-3359130, was used for infection. Wounds were made in the skin of mice and infected with MRSA. The mice were treated with Lugol's solution and Gentian violet. Application of the antimicrobial agents started 24 hours post infection and was repeated daily for five-days. The antimicrobial effect on the biofilm bacteria was evaluated by measuring bioluminescence from MRSA daily for seven-days. Lugol's solution and Gentian violet showed a significant reduction in luminescent signals from the first assessment day to all subsequent days (P < .001). Lugol's solution and Gentian violet effectively eradicated MRSA in biofilm in vivo and could be alternatives or in addition to topical antibiotics when MRSA-biofilm wound infection is suspected.
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