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- Alipour, Yousef, 1979-
(författare)
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Furnace Wall Corrosion in a Wood-fired Boiler
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of renewable wood-based fuel has been increasing in the last few decades because it is said to be carbon neutral. However, wood-based fuel, and especially used wood (also known as recycled wood or waste wood), is more corrosive than virgin wood (forest fuel), because of higher amounts of chlorine and heavy metals. These elements increase the corrosion problems at the furnace walls where the oxygen level is low.Corrosion mechanisms are usually investigated at the superheaters where the temperature of the material and the oxygen level is higher than at the furnace walls. Much less work has been performed on furnace wall corrosion in wood or used wood fired boilers, which is the reason for this project. Tests are also mostly performed under simplified conditions in laboratories, making the results easier to interpret. In power plants the interpretation is more complicated. Difficulties in the study of corrosion processes are caused by several factors such as deposit composition, flue gas composition, boiler design, and combustion characteristics and so on. Therefore, the laboratory tests should be a complement to the field test ones. This doctoral project involved in-situ testing at the furnace wall of power boilers and may thus contribute to fill the gap.The base material for furnace walls is a low alloy steel, usually 16Mo3, and the tubes may be coated or uncoated. Therefore tests were performed both on 16Mo3 and more highly alloyed materials suitable for protective coatings.Different types of samples exposed in used-wood fired boilers were analysed by different techniques such as LOM (light optical microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), WDS (wavelength dispersive spectroscopy), FIB (focused ion beam) and GD-OES (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy). The corrosion rate was measured. The environment was also thermodynamically modelled by TC (Thermo-Calc ®).The results showed that 16Mo3 in the furnace wall region is attacked by HCl, leading to the formation of iron chloride and a simultaneous oxidation of the iron chloride. The iron chloride layer appeared to reach a steady state thickness. Long term exposures showed that A 625 (nickel chromium alloy) and Kanthal APMT (iron-chromium-aluminium alloy) had the lowest corrosion rate (about 25-30% of the rate for 16Mo3), closely followed by 310S (stainless steel), making these alloys suitable for coating materials. It was found that the different alloys were attacked by different species, although they were exposed in the boiler at the same time in the same place. The dominant corrosion process in the A 625 samples seemed to be by a potassium-lead combination, while lead did not attack the APMT samples. Potassium attacked the alumina layer in the APMT samples, leading to the formation of a low-protective aluminate and chlorine was found to attack the base material. The results showed that stainless steels are attacked by both mechanisms (Cl- induced attack and K-Pb combination).Decreasing the temperature of the furnace walls of a waste wood fired boiler could decrease the corrosion rate of 16Mo3. However, this low corrosion rate corresponds to a low final steam pressure of the power plant, which in not beneficial for the electrical efficiency.The short term testing results showed that co-firing of sewage sludge with used wood can lead to a reduction in the deposition of K and Cl on the furnace wall during short term testing. This led to corrosion reduction of furnace wall materials and coatings. The alkali chlorides could react with the aluminosilicates in the sludge and be converted to alkali silicates. The chromia layer in A 625 and alumina in APMT were maintained with the addition of sludge.
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- Bjurenstedt, Anton, 1979-
(författare)
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On the influence of imperfections on microstructure and properties of recycled Al-Si casting alloys
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There are great energy savings to be made by recycling aluminium; as little as 5% of the energy needed for primary aluminium production may be required. Striving to produce high quality aluminium castings requires knowledge of microstructural imperfections, which is extra important when casting recycled aluminium that generally contains higher levels of imperfections compared to primary aluminium. Imperfections include amongst others Si, Fe, and Mn as well as oxides. Si is needed for castability, but it may also initiate fracture. There are different types of Fe-rich intermetallics influencing properties of castings, generally in a negative direction. Oxides constitute cracks and they are elusive because they are difficult to quantify.This thesis aims to increase knowledge about imperfections in recycled aluminium castings originating from alloying elements and the melt. Experiments were performed in advanced laboratory equipment, including X-radiographic imaging during solidification and in-situ tensile testing in a scanning electron microscope. Experiments were also performed at industrial foundry facilities.The experiments showed that the nucleation temperature of primary α-Fe intermetallics increased with higher Fe, Mn, and Cr contents. Primary α-Fe are strongly suggested to nucleate on oxides and to grow in four basic morphologies. Lower nucleation frequency of α-Fe promoted faster growth and hopper crystals while higher nucleation frequency promoted slower growth rates and massive crystals. Results also showed that a decrease in the size of the eutectic Si and plate-like β-Fe intermetallics improved tensile properties, foremost the elongation to fracture. In β-Fe containing alloys the transversely oriented intermetallics initiated macrocracks that are potential fracture initiation sites. In alloys with primary α-Fe foremost clusters of intermetallics promoted macrocracks. In fatigue testing, a transition from β-Fe to α-Fe shifted the initiation sites from oxides and pores to the α-Fe, resulting in a decrease of fatigue strength. Oxides in Al-Si alloys continue to be elusive; no correlations between efforts to quantify the oxides and tensile properties could be observed.
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- Sainis, Salil
(författare)
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An Insight into the Critical Role of Microstructure and Surface Preparation on Localized Conversion Coating Deposition on Cast Al Alloys
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The spontaneous cerium conversion coating formation over aluminium alloys is affected by the chemical process conditions, the surface preparation prior to conversion treatment and the microstructure of the underlying alloy. Most research performed until now focus only on the former whereas the influence of the latter two is poorly understood. The microstructure of aluminium alloys contains cathodic intermetallic particles that have a crucial role in conversion coating formation as they are responsible for the increase in pH to a critical level where chemical precipitation reaction of conversion coating compounds becomes possible. There are many different types of intermetallics in the aluminium alloys’ microstructure whose cathodic potential depends on their chemical composition, but no systematic study exists on the influence of their geometric properties on the reactivity of intermetallics. The surface preparation also critically affects reactivity of intermetallics, and a consensus exists regarding which preparation procedure makes an alloy surface most conducive for conversion coating deposition, but little is known about the topographical and volta potential changes occurring around the intermetallics from the surface preparations. An insight into both the role of microstructure and surface preparation is thus crucial as they can help design better treatments.To address this knowledge gap, model microstructures of hypoeutectic cast Al-7Si alloys have been created in the study with the desired intermetallic composition and geometry. By addition of Cu and Fe to the hypoeutectic cast alloy, two types of intermetallics, namely θ-Al2Cu and β-Al5FeSi form and are the main objects of investigation in the study. The geometrical dimensions of the intermetallics were modified by directionally solidifying the cast alloys at different rates. Different surface preparation procedures, namely mechanical polishing, NaOH, NaOH-HNO3 and NaOH-H2SO4 have been tried in the study. Furthermore, parameters such as etching time have been varied to understand their influence. The microstructural features, particularly intermetallic geometry and cathodic potential have been systematically compared with localized deposition on them through conversion coating treatment. Experimentally derived data-based analyses have been conducted to come to conclusions in the study.Firstly, the study found differences in the initiation of localized deposits on θ-Al2Cu and β-Al5FeSi attributed this to the conductivity variation due to compositional difference. Among the three differently sized θ-IM investigated in the study, namely fine, coarse and bulky θ, increasing the size from fine to coarse led to increase in reactivity of the IM for localized deposition. But increasing the size even further from coarse to bulky θ decreased the reactivity. Such a decrease in reactivity was found to be due to a combination of factors such as volta potential difference relative to the matrix and geometry.Surface preparation affected localized deposition and the choice of procedure applied critically depends on the intermetallics present in the microstructure. The β-Al5FeSi is most reactive for conversion coating deposition when prepared with NaOH etching solution but becomes passive when further pickled with HNO3 solution. The θ-Al2Cu, on the other hand, becomes most active when subjected to multi-step NaOH- HNO3 procedure. Such observations make the choice of a surface preparation procedure difficult when the alloy microstructure contains both θ-Al2Cu and β-Al5FeSi intermetallics. The localized deposition of cerium conversion compounds after surface preparation are triggered due to a combination of surface factors like including volta potential and presence of Al(OH)3 smut, with varying degrees of dominance depending on the type of IM. Al(OH)3 smut content was found sensitive to the NaOH etching time. A further HNO3 pickling step cleans the surface. A “cleaner” surface was found to be associated with more consistent coverage numbers, while the presence of Al(OH)3 smut, on the one hand provides additional source of alkalinity, does not consistently result in good coverage.
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- Sainis, Salil
(författare)
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The influence of Al alloy microstructure on conversion coating formation
- 2021
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The formation of conversion coatings based on Ce, trivalent Cr and Ti/Zr is triggered by the local pH increase at cathodic IM sites of the aluminium alloy microstructure. The pH gradient is created over the cathodic intermetallic (IM) sites of the microstructure and its intensity is influenced by their activity which depends on their chemical composition, their size, and spatial distribution. Furthermore, the pre-treatment applied also affects the surface reactivity. The role of each of the microstructural features on the increased pH gradient and the subsequent triggering of local conversion coating deposition remains to be understood. To address the knowledge gap, model cast Al-Si-Fe and Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloys have been designed. Cerium based conversion coating treatment with standard parameters is applied to investigate the microstructure’s influence. Furthermore, four different surface pre-treatments’ effect on the topographical and electrochemical properties have been investigated by localized techniques and have been correlated with deposition experiment observations to prove surface reactivity.In this study, it was found that the four surface pre-treatments – polishing, NaOH, NaOH-HNO3, NaOH-H2SO4 activate the surface of alloys containing Fe-rich IM and Cu-rich IM differently. The surface pre-treatment NaOH-HNO3 was found most detrimental to the surface reactivity as the pre-treatment resulted in passivation of the IM and a drastic reduction in its volta potential. The best pre-treatment for the alloy Al-Si-Fe was found to be one with NaOH etching. In the case of Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloy, pre-treatments where a pickling step (with either H2SO4 or HNO3) was applied followed a NaOH etching step, the surface of the IM was activated more than other pre-treatments due to selective Al dealloying and Cu-redeposition. The extent of Cu-redeposition was observed to be the most when surfaces were pickled with HNO3 solution and with the NaOH- HNO3 pre-treatment, fastest deposition kinetics were observed.In the cast Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloy, the localized deposits were preferentially observed to form on only strong cathodic Cu-rich IM. The size (surface area) of the Cu-rich IM correlated linearly with the lateral deposition area as well as z-direction spread. It was found that the pH gradient resulting from the oxygen reduction reaction near an IM is very local and does not affect pH gradients of a neighbouring Cu-rich IM. The size did not have a profound impact on the extent of deposition occurring on a Cu-rich IM, but it was found that big Cu-rich IM activated faster for deposition reaction than small Cu-rich IM. When the progression of deposition on both coarse and fine microstructure cast Al-Si-Cu-Fe was quantitatively monitored at increasing conversion coating times 0.5h, 1h and 2h, it was observed that big Cu-rich IM in the coarse alloy triggered deposition faster than small Cu-rich IM.Deposition mechanism on Fe-rich IM was found to be composition specific. In the cast of big Fe-rich β-Al5FeSi IM, localized deposition initiated at the border on the IM and is explained based on Si content in the composition of the IM, which has very high resistivity. In another Fe-rich IM, although of a much smaller size, which had lower Si content and was richer in Fe, a localized deposition was observed on the entire IM.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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En miniatyrvagn från Järfälla : solvagn eller saltkar?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fornvännen. - Stockholm : Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitetsakademien. - 0015-7813 .- 1404-9430. ; 113:3, s. 157-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2003 överlämnade Birgitta Kruse en liten miniatyrvagn av brons till Historiska museet i Stock-holm, tillsammans med några andra föremål. Vagnen hade hittats vid plöjning på gården Sandviks ägor i Järfälla i Uppland och tagits till vara av dåvarande kabinettskammarherre P.M. af Ugglas år 1915.
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