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1.	Abeywickrama, K. G. Nilanga B., et al. (författare) Determination of complex permeability of silicon steel for use in high-frequency modeling of power transformers 2008 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 44:4, s. 438-444 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Information about frequency dependence of complex permeability of silicon steel is a vital input parameter in calculations of transformer winding inductance used for modeling. high-frequency behavior (100 Hz-1 MHz). We present two ways of determining small signal complex permeability spectra in frequency domain and compare and discuss the results. The first method is based on an optimization procedure, in which inductance of a winding is measured and calculated by analytical formulas and finite-element modeling. The second method makes use of a single sheet tester. We show that the magnitude of effective permeability of the silicon steel laminations remains significant up to about 100 kHz. We also report on the effect of magnetic viscosity on complex permeability.
2.	Abrahamsson, Johan, 1977-, et al. (författare) A Fully Levitated Cone-Shaped Lorentz-Type Self-Bearing Machine With Skewed Windings 2014 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 50:9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Brushless dc coreless electric machines with double-rotor and single-stator configuration have very low losses, since the return path of the magnetic flux rotates with the permanent magnets. The eddy-current loss in the stator is additionally very small due to the lack of iron, making it ideal for kinetic energy storage. This paper presents a design for self-bearing rotor suspension, achieved by placing the stator windings skewed on a conical surface. A mathematical analysis of the force from a skewed winding confined to the surface of a cone was found. The parametric analytical expressions of the magnitude and direction of force and torque were verified by finite-element method simulations for one specific geometry. A dynamic model using proportional-integral-differential control was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, and the currents needed for the self-bearing effect were found by solving an underdetermined system of linear equations. External forces, calculated from acceleration measurements from a bus in urban traffic, were added to simulate the dynamic environment of an electrical vehicle.
3.	Albertsson, Dagur Ingi, 1993-, et al. (författare) Compact Macrospin-Based Model of Three-Terminal Spin-Hall Nano Oscillators 2019 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : IEEE Press. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 55:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Emerging spin-torque nano oscillators (STNOs) and spin-Hall nano oscillators (SHNOs) are potential candidates for microwave applications. Recent advances in three-terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-based SHNOs opened the possibility to develop more reliable and well-controlled oscillators, thanks to individual spin Hall-driven precession excitation and read-out paths. To develop hybrid systems by integrating three-terminal SHNOs and CMOS circuits, an electrical model able to capture the analog characteristics of three-terminal SHNOs is needed. This model needs to be compatible with current electric design automation (EDA) tools. This work presents a comprehensive macrospin-based model of three-terminal SHNOs able to describe the dc operating point, frequency modulation, phase noise, and output power. Moreover, the effect of voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is included. The model shows good agreement with experimental measurements and could be used in developing hybrid three-terminal SHNO/CMOS systems.
4.	Albertsson, D. I., et al. (författare) Compact Macrospin-Based Model of Three-Terminal Spin-Hall Nano Oscillators 2019 Ingår i: Ieee Transactions on Magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 55:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Emerging spin-torque nano oscillators (STNOs) and spin-Hall nano oscillators (SHNOs) are potential candidates for microwave applications. Recent advances in three-terminal magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-based SHNOs opened the possibility to develop more reliable and well-controlled oscillators, thanks to individual spin Hall-driven precession excitation and read-out paths. To develop hybrid systems by integrating three-terminal SHNOs and CMOS circuits, an electrical model able to capture the analog characteristics of three-terminal SHNOs is needed. This model needs to be compatible with current electric design automation (EDA) tools. This work presents a comprehensive macrospin-based model of three-terminal SHNOs able to describe the dc operating point, frequency modulation, phase noise, and output power. Moreover, the effect of voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is included. The model shows good agreement with experimental measurements and could be used in developing hybrid three-terminal SHNO/CMOS systems.
5.	Andersson, Sebastian, et al. (författare) Thermoelectrically Controlled Spin-Switch 2010 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 46:6, s. 2140-2143 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The search for novel spintronic devices brings about new ways to control switching in magnetic thin-films. In this work we experimentally demonstrate a device based on thermoelectrically controlled exchange coupling. The read out signal from a giant magnetoresistance element is controlled by exchange coupling through a weakly ferromagnetic Ni-Cu alloy. This exchange coupling is shown to vary strongly with changes in temperature, and both internal Joule heating and external heating is used to demonstrate magnetic switching. The device shows no degradation upon thermal cycling. Ways to further optimize the device performance are discussed. Our experimental results show a new way to thermoelectrically control magnetic switching in multilayers.
6.	Benbouzid, M. E. H., et al. (författare) Dynamic modelling of giant magnetostriction in Terfenol-D rods by the finite element method 1995 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 31, s. 1821-1824 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract As a contribution to the development of methods for the design and the analysis of devices based on giant magnetostrictive materials, a model for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the nonlinear magnetoelastic medium is presented. The coupled magnetic, magnetoelastic and mechanical equations that describe the magnetostrictive problem are solved by means of the finite element method. The thin sheets bending principle (surface splines) is used to introduce in the simulation the nonlinear properties of giant magnetostrictive materials, obtained by static characterizations
7.	Bergqvist, A., et al. (författare) A stress-dependent magnetic Preisach hysteresis model 1991 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 27, s. 4796-4798 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The authors present a generalization of the classical Preisach model which handles coupled magnetic and mechanical hysteresis. Magnetostrictive materials are known to have hysteresis with respect to both magnetic field H and mechanical stress lambda;. To test the validity of the model, experiments where the two components H and lambda; have been verified in many different ways have been performed on Terfenol-D and compared to results computed from the model. Some of these results are presented. This stress-dependent model is found to have an accuracy comparable to that of the classical Preisach model
8.	Bergqvist, A., et al. (författare) A thermodynamic representation of pseudoparticles with hysteresis 1995 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 31, s. 3539-3541 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A method of expressing pseudoparticles with hysteresis within a context of irreversible thermodynamics is investigated. The state of a pseudoparticle is uniquely determined by its magnetization and its evolution is governed by entropy maximization. Hysteresis appears if the free energy is a nonconvex function of magnetization. The vectorial nature of magnetization and dependence on rate are accounted for in a systematic manner. Some basic properties are derived for quasistatic processes. In particular, it is found that in the scalar case, the magnetization is a monotonically increasing functional with respect to field and that for quasistatic processes, this implies the wiping-out property
9.	Bergqvist, A. J., et al. (författare) A homogenization procedure of field quantities in laminated electric steel 2001 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 37:5, s. 3329-3331 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A method for representing structures of laminated electric steel is investigated. The average behavior of laminates, including eddy current effects, is approximately represented using a rate-dependent constitutive law. The accuracy of the method is studied by comparing the homogenized description with finite difference calculations.
10.	Bissal, Ara, 1986-, et al. (författare) Comparison of two Ultra-fast actuator concepts 2012 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : IEEE Press. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 48:11, s. 3315-3318 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, two different types of ultra-fast electromechanical actuators are compared using a multi-physical finite element simulation model that has been experimentally validated. They are equipped with a single-sided Thomson coil (TC) and a double-sided drive coil (DSC), respectively. The former consists of a spirally-wound flat coil with a copper armature on top, while the latter consists of two mirrored spiral coils that are connected in series. Initially, the geometry and construction of each of the actuating schemes are discussed. Subsequently, the theory behind the two force generation principles are described. Furthermore, the current, magnetic flux densities, accelerations, and induced stresses are analyzed. Moreover, mechanical loadability simulations are performed to study the impact on the requirements of the charging unit, the sensitivity of the parameters, and evaluate the degree of influence on the performance of both drives. Finally, it is confirmed that although the DSC is mechanically more complex, it has a greater efficiency than that of the TC.
11.	Bissal, Ara, et al. (författare) On the Design of a Linear Composite Magnetic Damper 2015 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : IEEE Press. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 51:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract High-voltage direct current (HVdc) breakers are the key components in the realization of multiterminal HVdc grids. In the presence of fault current, these breakers should be able to deliver impulsive forces to swiftly open the metallic contacts. After the acceleration phase, the moving armature should be decelerated using controllable forces to avoid plastically deforming fragile components integrated in the system. In this paper, finite-element method-based simulation models, complimented with small-scale and large-scale experimental prototypes, were utilized to benchmark different damping topologies. It was found that a Halbach-based configuration can deliver a damping force that is almost two and a half times larger than its sequel. Its sequel, composed of vertically stacked oppositely oriented magnets, is easier to assemble and is also capable of generating a considerable damping force. Finally, it has been shown that both these schemes, inserted in a composite tube, have a potential to be used as dampers in HVdc breakers.
12.	Bjurman, U., et al. (författare) Separation of high and low frequency behavior in non-linear circuit simulation, excited with modulated signals 2000 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 36:4, s. 968-970 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Exciting nonlinear circuits with modulated signals will generate crossmodulation frequencies. In ordinary simulation techniques this makes time stepping methods a necessity, In the case of EMC-testing where the carrier frequency is as high as 2 GHz and the modulating frequency only 1 kHz, the simulation time will be extremely long. This paper presents Time Domain Frequency Separation (TDFS), a method,where the high and low frequency behavior is calculated separately to decrease the computation time. In a simulation made with Saber the calculation took approximately fourteen hours, and with TDFS in Matlab two minutes.
13.	Bormann, Dierk, et al. (författare) Reluctance Network Method for Calculating the Series Impedance Matrix of Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines 2013 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 49:10, s. 5270-5279 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The theoretical foundation of a recently proposed reluctance network method for computing the complex series impedance matrix of multi-conductor transmission lines is presented in detail, and the method is extended to more general cross section geometries with gaps of non-constant width between the conductors. It is argued that the method becomes exact in the limit of high frequencies and narrow gaps between the conductors. This limit usually is the most difficult one in alternative approaches, especially when the proximity effect is concerned. The method is verified by comparison with the exact solution of a stacked-slabs geometry, and with finite-element field calculations on a geometry consisting of tightly packed, round wires, surrounded by a shield.
14.	Bormann, Dierk, et al. (författare) Reluctance Network Treatment of Skin and Proximity Effects in Multi-Conductor Transmission Lines 2012 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 48:2, s. 735-738 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A novel method is developed to easily compute the complex series impedance matrix of amulti-conductor transmissionline in a wide frequency range. It is based on a network of complex reluctances describing ﬂux paths around the conductors. The network parameters are derived from the geometry of the conductor-insulator arrangement and from its material parameters. The method is best suited for situations where the typical gap width between conductors is much smaller than their thicknesses, where it provides an accurate treatment of both skin and proximity effects. Especially the proximity effect is hard to treat by other means in that limit. The method is demonstrated for an idealized example geometry, where its accuracy is veriﬁed with harmonic FEM ﬁeld calculations.
15.	Cherepov, Sergiy, et al. (författare) Micromagnetics of Spin-Flop Bilayers : S, C, and Vortex Spin States 2010 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 46:6, s. 2124-2127 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Spin-flop tunnel junctions subjected to strong gigahertz excitations are found to exhibit highly stable resistance states, intermediate between the two spin-uniform ground states of high and low resistance. The associated spin distributions are necessarily nonuniform and differ significantly from the ground-state anti-parallel spin configuration in their static and dynamic properties. Detailed micromagnetic modeling reveals that inplane spin vortices in dipole-coupled thin-film bilayers are stable spin configurations, where the orientation of the vortex cores and the vortex chirality play an important role in the response of the system to external magnetic fields.
16.	Cherepov, Sergiy, 1981-, et al. (författare) Resonant Switching of Two Dipole-Coupled Nanomagnets 2010 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 46:6, s. 2112-2115 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The storage layer of recently developed spin-flop magnetic random-access memory consists of two closely spaced dipole-coupled nanomagnets and is highly stable in the ground state as well as in quasistatic fields applied off the easy axis. We show experimentally and confirm by using micromagnetic simulations that these spin-flop bilayers can be switched relatively easily by dynamic fields, applied at the frequency of the optical spin resonance of the bilayer. The field amplitude sufficient for this resonant switching can be an order of magnitude lower than the fields necessary for quasistatic reversal. Our data and micromagnetic analysis suggest that thermal agitation can play a role in the observed resonant switching behavior.
17.	Danielsson, Oskar, et al. (författare) Flux Distribution in Linear Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines Including Longitudinal End Effects 2007 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 43:7, s. 3197-3201 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigated the longitudinal ends' influence on the flux distribution in a permanent-magnet linear synchronous machine with an analytic model and with numeric finite-element methods. We derived a general analytic expression, on closed form, from a linear reluctance model. The model reveals that the flux in a linear machine differs from that in a rotating machine in several aspects. The longitudinal ends introduce a pairwise coupled flux pattern, which will behave differently in circuits with odd or even numbers of magnets. In linear machines with an even number of magnets the pairwise coupled flux will spread throughout the whole machine, whereas in linear machines with an odd number of magnets it will be transformed into an equally distributed flux in the middle. The latter case will give rise to a nonsymmetric air gap flux distribution, where every second pole has larger flux. We confirmed the pairwise coupled flux and the nonsymmetric air gap distribution predicted by the analytic model by finite-element simulations. We noted additional effects when nonlinear behavior of the steel is taken into account. We conclude that saturation counteracts the pairwise coupled flux pattern at the longitudinal ends. Again, a nonsymmetric air gap flux distribution occurs as the pairwise coupled flux is transformed into an equally coupled flux. The pairwise coupling of the flux and the nonsymmetric air gap flux distribution give rise to a number of secondary effects, which we discuss.
18.	Dave, Renu W., et al. (författare) MgO-based tunnel junction material for high-speed toggle magnetic random access memory 2006 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 42:8, s. 1935-1939 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We report the first demonstration of a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) circuit incorporating MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) material for higher performance. We compare our results to those of AlOx-based devices, and we discuss the MTJ process optimization and material changes that made the demonstration possible. We present data on key MTJ material attributes for different oxidation processes and free-layer alloys, including resistance distributions, bias dependence, free-layer magnetic properties, interlayer coupling, breakdown voltage, and thermal endurance. A tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) greater than 230% was achieved with CoFeB free layers and greater than 85% with NiFe free layers. Although the TMR with NiFe is at the low end of our MgO comparison, even this MTJ material enables faster access times, since its TMR is almost double that of a similar structure with an AlOx barrier. Bit-to-bit resistance distributions are somewhat wider for MgO barriers, with sigma about 1.5% compared to about 0.9% for AlOx. The read access time of our 4 Mb toggle MRAM circuit was reduced from 21 ns with AlOx to a circuit-limited 17 ns with MgO.
19.	Dumas, Randy K., et al. (författare) Graded Anisotropy FePtCu Films 2011 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 47:6, s. 1580-1586 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The fabrication and subsequent analysis of continuously graded anisotropy films are discussed. During deposition, a compositional gradient is first achieved by varying the Cu concentration from Cu-rich (Fe53Pt47)(70)Cu-30 to Cu-free Fe53Pt47. The anisotropy gradient is then realized after thermal post-annealing, and by utilizing the strong composition dependence of the low-anisotropy (A1) to high-anisotropy (L1(0)) ordering temperature. The magnetic properties are investigated by surface sensitive magneto-optical Kerr effect and alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) measurements. AGM first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements are employed in order to provide a detailed analysis of the reversal mechanisms, and therefore the induced anisotropy gradient. At low annealing temperatures, the FORC measurements clearly indicate the highly coupled reversal of soft and hard phases. However, significant interdiffusion results in virtually uniform films at elevated annealing temperatures. Additionally, the A1 to L1(0) ordering process is found to depend on the film thickness.
20.	Dumas, Randy K., et al. (författare) Recent Advances in Nanocontact Spin-Torque Oscillators 2014 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 50:6, s. 4100107- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in nanocontact spin torque oscillators (NC-STOs). NC-STOs are highly tunable, with both applied magnetic field and dc, broadband microwave signal generators. As opposed to the nanopillar geometry, where the lateral cross section of the entire device has been confined to a typically <100 nm diameter, in NC-STOs, it is only the current injection site that has been laterally confined on top of an extended magnetic film stack. Three distinct material combinations will be discussed: 1) a Co/Cu/NiFe pseudospin valve (PSV) where both the Co and NiFe have a dominant in-plane anisotropy; 2) a Co/Cu/[Co/Ni](4) orthogonal PSV where the Co/Ni multilayer has a strong perpendicular anisotropy; and 3) a single NiFe layer with asymmetric non-magnetic Cu leads. We explore the rich and diverse magnetodynamic modes that can be generated in these three distinct sample geometries.
21.	Dumas, Randy K., et al. (författare) Recent Advances in Nanocontact Spin-Torque Oscillators 2014 Ingår i: Ieee Transactions on Magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 50:6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in nanocontact spin torque oscillators (NC-STOs). NC-STOs are highly tunable, with both applied magnetic field and dc, broadband microwave signal generators. As opposed to the nanopillar geometry, where the lateral cross section of the entire device has been confined to a typically <100 nm diameter, in NC-STOs, it is only the current injection site that has been laterally confined on top of an extended magnetic film stack. Three distinct material combinations will be discussed: 1) a Co/Cu/NiFe pseudospin valve (PSV) where both the Co and NiFe have a dominant in-plane anisotropy; 2) a Co/Cu/[Co/Ni](4) orthogonal PSV where the Co/Ni multilayer has a strong perpendicular anisotropy; and 3) a single NiFe layer with asymmetric non-magnetic Cu leads. We explore the rich and diverse magnetodynamic modes that can be generated in these three distinct sample geometries.
22.	Durr, Hermann A., et al. (författare) A Closer Look Into Magnetism : Opportunities With Synchrotron Radiation 2009 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 45:1, s. 15-57 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract The unique properties of synchrotron radiation, such as broad energy spectrum, variable light polarization, and flexible time structure, have made it an enormously powerful tool in the study of magnetic phenomena and materials. The refinement of experimental techniques has led to many new research opportunities, keeping up with the challenges put up by modern magnetism research. In this contribution, we review some of the recent developments in the application of synchrotron radiation and particularly soft X-rays to current problems in magnetism, and we discuss future perspectives.
23.	Dzhezherya, Yu., et al. (författare) Ultrafast Inertia-Free Switching of Double Magnetic Tunnel Junctions 2024 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 60:5 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigate the switching of a magnetic nanoparticle comprising the middle free layer of a memory cell based on a double magnetic tunnel junction under the combined effect of spin-polarized current and weak on-chip magnetic field. We obtain the timing and amplitude parameters for the current and field pulses needed to achieve 100 ps range inertia-free switching under least-power dissipation. The considered method does not rely on the stochastics of thermal agitation of the magnetic nanoparticle typically accompanying spin-torque switching. The regime of ultimate switching speed efficiency found in this work is promising for applications in high-performance nonvolatile memory.
24.	Engdahl, Göran, et al. (författare) Experimental study of magnetic slurries regarding magnetic properties 1996 Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. - : IEEE. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 32:5, s. 5109-5111 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to assess the basic magnetic properties of a mixture composed of a commercial lubricant and soft magnetic iron particles, where the particle content is significantly higher than in conventional magnetic fluids, due to the fact that the particles verge on the sedimentation level. This so called magnetic slurry can, then, be regarded as a highly ductile magnetic conducting material for tentative use in a magnetic circuit that can change shape under operation. The high particle content results in high saturation field densities that extend the application field towards electric power engineering. This paper, therefore, focuses on properties like relative permeability, losses, the Q-factor and the efficiency for the power frequencies 50 and 400 Hz. It shows that the relative permeabilities are low (below 10). The values of the efficiency and the Q-factor decrease considerably above 0.5 T. That limits the application of the studied slurry in electric power engineering. In such applications, the powder properties must be improved
25.	Engel, B. N., et al. (författare) A 4-mb toggle MRAM based on a novel bit and switching method 2005 Ingår i: IEEE transactions on magnetics. - 0018-9464 .- 1941-0069. ; 41:1, s. 132-136 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract 4-Mb magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) with a novel magnetic bit cell and toggle switching mode is presented. The circuit was designed in a five level metal, 0.18-mum complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process with a bit cell size of 1.55 mum(2). The new bit cell uses a balanced synthetic antiferromagnetic free layer and a phased write pulse sequence to provide robust switching performance with immunity from half-select disturbs. This switching mode greatly improves the operational performance of the MRAM as compared to conventional MRAM. A detailed description of this 4-Mb toggle MRAM is presented.

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