| 1. |
- Lissel, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of the microstructural evolution during hot strip rolling of Nb microalloyed steels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 558-559:2, s. 1127-1132
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A physically based model is used to describe the microstructural evolution of Nb microalloyed steels during hot rolling. The model is based on a physical description of dislocation density evolution, where the generation and recovery of dislocations determines the flow stress and also the driving force for recrystallization. In the model, abnormally growing subgrains are assumed to be the nuclei of recrystallized grains and recrystallization starts when the subgrains reach a critical size and configuration. The model is used to predict the flow stress during rolling in SSAB Tunnplat's hot strip mill. The predicted flow stress in each stand was compared to the stresses calculated by a friction-hill roll-force model. Good fit is obtained between the predicted values by the microstructure model and the measured mill data, with an agreement generally within the interval +/-15%.
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, Naeem, et al.
(författare)
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The Hydrophilization and Subsequent Hydrophobic Recovery Mechanism of Cold Plasma (CP) Treated Bambara Groundnuts
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 1055, s. 161-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plasma hydrophilization and subsequent hydrophobic recovery in Bambara groundnuts are studied for the first time. Bambara groundnut seeds were treated with cold plasma (CP) for 10 seconds at 10 watts using water as a monomer. The contact angle, as well as physical and chemical changes, were used to determine the kinetics of hydrophobic recovery. The hydrophilic state of Bambara groundnut seeds had decreased after 60 days, but not to original hydrophobicity, and also the recovery rate is slower than those observed on synthetic polymer. However, this slower hydrophobic recovery makes CP treatment as an effective method for long-term seed storage.
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| 3. |
- Allerstam, Fredrik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A study of deep energy-level traps at the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface and their passivation by hydrogen
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 1662-9752 .- 0255-5476. ; 600-603, s. 755-758
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is focused on characterization of deep energy-level interface traps formed during sodium enhanced oxidation of n-type Si face 4H-SiC. The traps are located 0.9 eV below the SiC conduction band edge as revealed by deep level transient spectroscopy. Furthermore these traps are passivated using post-metallization anneal at 400°C in forming gas ambient. © (2009) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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| 4. |
- Allerstam, Fredrik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of high temperature oxidation of 4H-SiC on the near-interface traps measured by TDRC
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 1662-9752 .- 0255-5476. - 9780878493340 ; 615 617, s. 537-540
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work the effect of oxidation temperature of 4H-SiC on the density of nearinterface traps is studied. It is seen that the portion of traps with slower emission times decreases with increasing oxidation temperature. Despite this reduction, high temperature oxidation alone is not useful to achieve low density of interface traps at the SiO2/4H-SiC interface.
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| 5. |
- Allerstam, Fredrik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Formation of deep traps at the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface when utilizing sodium enhanced oxidation
- 2007
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 1662-9752 .- 0255-5476. ; 556-557, s. 517-520
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports studies of deep acceptor-type interface traps at the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface. These traps are created during sodium enhanced oxidation of Si-terminated 4H-SiC. The trap concentration is above 3×1012 cm-2 and their activation energy is larger than 0.8 eV.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Petter, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Scale growth on austenitic alloys under KCl deposits at 500 deg C
- 2008
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 1662-9752 .- 0255-5476. ; 595-598:I, s. 333-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scale growth on two austenitic alloys, Alloy 310 and Sanicro 28, under KCl deposits was examined. This is relevant to the long term corrosion of superheater tubes in biofuel combustion. Coupons were encapsulated in tablets so that 1 mm of KCl with a relative density of 91% covered the metal. Samples were tested at 500 deg C in 5%O2-10%H2O-N2 for 24, 168 and 672 h. After exposure the salt was broken off and the scale was characterised by using SEM-EDX and AES. After 24 h a 50 nm thick oxide surrounded 500 nm thick chromates on the surface. No oxide layer was detected under the chromates and no Cl was found under either layer. The chromate growth requires lateral transportation of Cr along the surface. This reduces the protectiveness of the oxide and accelerates the formation of less protective Fe rich oxides. The formation of chromates also releases HCl inside the KCl tablet. The chromates did not grow significantly between 24 and 168 h, but the oxide grew equally thick beneath and between them and Cl was enriched around the metal oxide interface. After 672 h the oxides were about 5 mum thick and only few chromates were seen. Crystals of KCl formed in areas with thick porous and Fe rich oxides on both alloys.
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| 7. |
- Anghel, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Gas-tight oxides – Reality or just a Hope
- 2006
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 522-523, s. 93-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A better understanding of the transport properties of gases in oxides is certainly very important in many applications. In the case of metals, a general protection measure against corrosion implies formation of a dense metal oxide scale. The scale should act as a barrier against gas transport and consequently it needs to be gas-tight. This is often assumed but rarely, if ever, confirmed. Hence there is a need for characterization of micro- and/or meso- pores formed especially during the early oxidation stage of metallic materials. This paper presents a novel and relatively straightforward method for characterization of gas release from an oxide previously equilibrated in a controlled atmosphere. The geometry of the sample is approximated to be a plate. The plate can be self-supporting or constitute a scale on a substrate. A mathematical model for calculation of diffusivity and gas content is given for this geometry. A desorption experiment, involving a mass spectrometer placed in ultra high vacuum, can be used to determine diffusivity and amount of gas released with aid of the mathematical model. The method is validated in measurements of diffusivity and solubility of He in quartz and applied in characterization of two Zr-oxides and one Fe oxide. From the outgassed amounts of water and nitrogen the H2O/N-2 molar ratio can be used to estimate an effective pore size in oxides.
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| 8. |
- Azizov, Talyat, et al.
(författare)
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Consideration of the Torsional Stiffness in Hollow-Core Slabs’ Design
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 968, s. 330-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper discusses the principles of precast concrete hollow-core slabs taking into account their spatial work. It is shown that consideration of spatial work makes it possible to determine the forces in individual floor slabs significantly more precise. The fact that strain redistribution between precast floor slabs depends on slabs’ bending and torsional stiffness is shown. The research has been mostly devoted to the determination of the bending stiffness with regard to the formation of cracks and the change in torsional stiffness, especially considering the presence of normal cracks, which is still unstudied. This paper presents the technique for determining the torsional stiffness of hollow-core slabs with normal cracks. In order to determine the components included in the resolving system of equations, it is proposed to use an approximation method based on the processing of numerical data using spatial finite elements.
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| 9. |
- Badger, J., et al.
(författare)
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Grinding of cermets with cup-wheels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 1662-9752 .- 0255-5476. - 9783035710342 ; 874, s. 115-123
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cup-wheels are frequently used to grind cermets, a difficult-to-grind material. An investigation was made into the transient geometry of the cup-wheel rim, grit dulling, wheel loading, and wheel self-sharpening with chip thickness. Tests were performed on a saw-tip grinding machine and specific energies, G-ratios and rim geometries were measured. Results showed that, like grinding of tungsten-carbide, loading is prevalent. However, unlike grinding of tungstencarbide, grit dulling is also prevalent and wheel conditioning is of limited use. Much better results, particularly with respect to surface finish, can be obtained if the wheel is trued to a predetermined geometry. In addition, grinding parameters must be chosen to induce wheel self-sharpening. Practical recommendations are given.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bergman, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of sintering parameters on the mechanical performance of PM steels pre-alloyed with chromium
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 534-536, s. 545-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Powder grades pre-alloyed with 1.5-3 wt% chromium are suitable for PM steel components in high performance applications. These materials can be successfully sintered at the conventional temperature 1120 degrees C, although well-monitored sintering atmospheres with low oxygen partial pressures (< 10(-17)-10(-18) atm) are required to avoid oxidation. Mechanical properties of the Cr-alloyed PM grades are enhanced by a higher sintering temperature in the range 1120-1250 degrees C, due to positive effects from pore rounding, increased density and more effective oxide reduction. A material consisting of Astaloy CrM, which is pre-alloyed with 3 wt% Cr and 0.5 wt% Mo, and 0.6 wt% graphite obtains an ultimate tensile strength of 1470 MPa combined with an impact strength of 31 J at density 7.1 g/cm(3), after sintering at 1250 degrees C followed by cooling at 2.5 degrees C/s and tempering.
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| 12. |
- Bertuccio, Giuseppe, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra Low Noise Epitaxial 4H-SiC X-Ray Detectors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Inc.. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 615-617, s. 845-848
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and the experimental results of some prototypes of SiC X-ray detectors are presented. The devices have been manufactured on top of 2 inch 4H-SiC wafer with 115 μm thick undoped high purity epitaxial layer, which constitutes the detection’s active volume. Pad and pixel detectors based on Ni-Schottky junctions have been tested. The residual doping of the epi-layer was found tobe extremely low, 3.7 x 1013 cm-3, allowing to achieve the highest detection efficiency and the lower specific capacitance of the detectors. At 22 °C and in operating bias condition, the reverse current densities of the detector’s Schottky junctions have been measured to be between J = 0.3 pA/cm2 and J = 4 pA/cm2; these values are more than two orders of magnitude lower than those of state of the art silicon detectors. With such low leakage currents, the equivalent electronic noise of SiC pixel detectors is as low as 0.5 electrons r.m.s at room temperature, which represents a new state of the art in the scenario of semiconductor radiation detectors.
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| 13. |
- Bjurenstedt, Anton, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Quality when Delivering Molten Aluminium Alloys Instead of Ingots
- 2013
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. - 9783037857663 ; 765, s. 266-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recycled aluminium alloys manufactured at Stena Aluminium, in Älmhult, Sweden, are delivered in special designed transport containers, called thermoses. Thermoses are best described as an insulating layer protected by a steel cover with a heat loss of about 5 degrees/h. Three thermoses are transported by a truck, giving the possibility for a total capacity of about 24 tonnes delivered aluminium just-in-time to the foundry. By delivering a full load of liquid aluminium, about 2 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions are saved, compared with delivering ingots. The aim of the paper is to assess the quality benefits, in terms of inclusions sedimentation and mechanical properties, assured by delivering aluminiummelts instead of ingots. The results indicate that materials produced by just-in-time melt delivery have slightly improved quality compared to ingots. The trends are explained in terms of quality, density and bifilm indexes, based on microstructural observations as well as tensile test data analysis.
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| 14. |
- Bora, T., et al.
(författare)
-
Plasmon resonance enhanced zinc oxide photoelectrodes for improvement in performance of dye sensitized solar cells
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Inc.. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 771, s. 91-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocomposites of vertically aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays incorporated with gold (Au) nanoparticles have been used as photoelectrodes to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Due to the surface plasmon resonance of the Au nanoparticles, the nanocomposite photoelectrodes demonstrate enhancement in the visible light absorption resulting in ~8% higher photocurrent compared to ZnO photoelectrode based DSSCs fabricated without any Au nanoparticles. In addition to the higher optical absorption due to the gold nanoparticles, a Schottky barrier forms at the ZnO/Au interface preventing the back electron transfer from the conduction band of the semiconductor nanorods to the redox electrolyte providing improvement in the charge separation at the nanocomposite photoelectrode. Upon incorporation of Au nanoparticles, the overall efficiency of the DSSC increased from 2. 41% to 3. 27%. The role of Au nanoparticles on the performance of the DSSCs for varying concentration of the Au nanoparticles as well as the post-growth annealing treatment of the nanocomposite photoelectrode is reported.
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| 15. |
- Buono, Benedetto, et al.
(författare)
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Current Gain Degradation in 4H-SiC Power BJTs
- 2011
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Inc.. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 679-680, s. 702-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SiC airs are very attractive for high power application, but long term stability is still problematic and it could prohibit commercial production of these devices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the current gain degradation in BJTs with no significant degradation of the on-resistance. Electrical measurements and simulations have been used to characterize the behavior of the BJT during the stress test. Current gain degradation occurs, the gain drops from 58 before stress to 43 after 40 hours, and, moreover, the knee current shows fluctuations in its value during the first 20 hours. Current gain degradation has been attributed to increased interface traps or reduced lifetime in the base-emitter region or small stacking faults in the base-emitter region, while fluctuations of the knee current might be due to stacking faults in the collector region.
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| 16. |
- Buono, Benedetto, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of Current Gain Degradation in 4H-SiC Power BJTs
- 2012
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 717-720, s. 1131-1134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current gain degradation of 4H-SiC BJTs with no significant drift of the on-resistance is investigated. Electrical stress on devices with different emitter widths suggests that the device design can influence the degradation behavior. Analysis of the base current extrapolated from the Gummel plot indicates that the reduction of the carrier lifetime in the base region could be the cause for the degradation of the gain. However, analysis of the base current of the base-emitter diode shows that the degradation of the passivation layer could also influence the reduction of the current gain.
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| 17. |
- Buono, Benedetto, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations of Open Emitter Breakdown Voltage in SiC BJTs with non Implanted JTE
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Inc.. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 615-617, s. 841-844
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ion implantation for selective doping of SiC is problematic due to damage generation during the process and low activation of dopants. In SiC bipolar junction transistor (BJT) the junction termination extension (JTE) can be formed without ion implantation using instead a controlled etching into the epitaxial base. This etched JTE is advantageous because it eliminates ion implantation induced damage and the need for high temperature annealing. However, the dose, which is controlled by the etched base thickness and doping concentration, plays a crucial role. In order to find the optimum parameters, device simulations of different etched base thicknesses have been performed using the software Sentaurus Device. A surface passivation layer consisting of silicon dioxide, considering interface traps and fixed trapped charge, has been included in the analysis by simulations. Moreover a comparison with measured data for fabricated SiC BJTs has been performed.
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| 18. |
- Buono, Benedetto, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature Modeling and Characterization of the Current Gain in 4H-SiC Power BJTs
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Inc.. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 645-648, s. 1061-1064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current gain of 4H-SiC BJTs has been modeled using interface traps between SIC and SiO2 to describe surface recombination, by a positive temperature dependence of the carrier lifetime in the base region and by bandgap narrowing in the emitter region. The interface traps have been modeled by one single level at 1 eV above the valence band, with capture cross section of 1 x 10(-15) cm(2) and concentration of 2 x 10(12) cm(-2). The temperature behavior of SiC BJTs has been simulated and the results have been compared with measurements. An analysis of the carrier concentration has been performed in order to describe the mechanisms for fall-off of the current gain at high collector current. At room temperature high injection in the base and forward biasing of the base-collector junction occur simultaneously causing an abrupt drop of the current gain. At higher temperatures high injection in the base is alleviated by the higher ionization degree of the aluminum dopants, and then forward biasing of the base-collector junction is the only acting mechanism for the current gain fall-off at high collector current. This mechanism and the negative temperature dependence of the carrier mobility can also explain the reduction of the knee current for gain fall-off with increasing temperature. Simulations with different emitter widths have been also performed and analyzed to characterize the emitter size effect. Higher current density caused by reducing the emitter width introduces higher carrier recombination in the emitter region, leading to a reduction of the current gain.
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| 19. |
- Calmunger, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical Behaviours of Alloy 617 with Varied Strain Rate at High Temperatures
- 2014
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications Ltd. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 783-786, s. 1182-1187, s. 1182-1187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nickel-base alloys due to their high performances have been widely used in biomass and coal fired power plants. They can undertake plastic deformation with different strain rates such as those typically seen during creep and fatigue at elevated temperatures. In this study, the mechanical behaviours of Alloy 617 with strain rates from 10-2/s down to 10-6/s at temperatures of 650°C and 700°C have been studied using tensile tests. Furthermore, the microstructures have been investigated using electron backscatter detection and electron channeling contrast imaging. At relatively high strain rate, the alloy shows higher fracture strains at these temperatures. The microstructure investigation shows that it is caused by twinning induced plasticity due to DSA. The fracture strain reaches the highest value at a strain rate of 10-4/s and then it decreases dramatically. At strain rate of 10-6/s, the fracture strain at high temperature is now smaller than that at room temperature, and the strength also decreases with further decreasing strain rate. Dynamic recrystallization can also be observed usually combined with crack initiation and propagation. This is a new type of observation and the mechanisms involved are discussed.
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| 20. |
- Cao, Haiping, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms of segregation band defect formation in pressure die-cast magnesium components
- 2005
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 488-489, s. 381-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Initially, when implementing a design automation system the focus is on successfully developing a system that generates design variants based on different customer specifications, i.e. the execution of system embedded knowledge and system output. However, in the long run two important aspects are the modelling and management of the knowledge that govern the designs. The increasing emphasis to deploy a holistic view on the products properties and functions implies an increasing number of life-cycle requirements. These requirements should all be used to enhance the knowledge-base allowing for correct decisions to be made. In a system for automated variant design these life-cycle requirements have to be expressed as algorithms and/or computational statements to be intertwined with the design calculations. The number of requirements can be significantly large and they are scattered over different systems. The aim of the presented work is to provide an approach for modelling of manufacturing requirements, supporting both knowledge execution and information management, in systems for automated variant design.
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| 21. |
- Cao, Haiping
(författare)
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On some characteristics of microstructure and defects in die-cast magnesium components
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 488-489, s. 283-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A mapping of fatigue crack growth rates in thick plates of a high strength aluminium alloy has been done. The plate thicknesses investigated was 100, 150 and 200 mm. In this work, material from near edge at near surface and mid-thickness has been investigated. Measurements of crack length has been performed using DC potential drop. Cyclic condensation is used in order to reveal crack growth behaviour for stage I and the earlier part of stage II crack growth. Influence of crack closure, crack branching and slow growing side cracks on fatigue crack growth rate of S-L and L-T oriented specimens are discussed. Variation of difference in growth rate in the upper part of the stage II growth between near surface and mid thickness positioned L-T specimens are found to vary with plate thickness.
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| 22. |
- Cao, Yu, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Interface Reactions and Electrical Properties of Ta/4H-SiC Contacts
- 2007
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - Stafa : Trans Tech Publications Ltd.. - 1662-9752 .- 0255-5476. - 0878494421 ; 556-557, s. 713-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study deals with the interfacial reactions and electrical properties of Ta/4H-SiCcontacts. Tantalum thin films (~100 nm) were deposited onto SiC wafer at room temperature byargon ion beam sputtering. The samples were then heated in high vacuum at 650°C, 800°C or950°C for 30 min. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), glancing angle X-ray diffraction(XRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and current-voltage (I-V) technique were used forcharacterising the samples. Ohmic contact is formed in the studied samples after annealing at orabove 800°C even though considerable amount of metallic Ta still exists. The reaction zonepossesses a layered structure of Ta2C/Ta2C+Ta5Si3/SiC. High enough temperature is needed toprovide for sufficient interface change to tailor the contact properties.
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| 23. |
- Cerda, J, et al.
(författare)
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New tunnel Schottky SiC devices using mixed conduction ceramics
- 2002
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 433-4, s. 949-952
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new tunnel Schottky diode based on SiC and a mixed conductor of BaSnO3 as the gate has been investigated. I-V curves at different operating temperatures and two different gas atmospheres have been measured. The device shows sensitivity to oxygen, with maximum at 400degreesC. A model that describes the behaviour of the device is proposed, which takes into account the different types of conduction of the BaSnO3 due to the temperature.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Choudary Ratnala, Dilipkumar, Doktorand, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Functionally Graded Metal–Ceramic Systems by Directed Energy Deposition : A Review
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 1107, s. 105-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ceramics and metals are the two vastly explored classes of materials whose individual characteristics and targeted applications differ significantly. Continuous thrust for space exploration and energy generation demands materials with a wide range of properties. To tackle this demand, ceramic-metal combined structures that club heat, wear, and corrosion resistance of ceramics to the high toughness, good strength, and better machinability of metals are desirable. While various processing routes to combine ceramics and metals have been developed through the years, solutions to address problems associated with the interface, thermal property mismatch, and poor adhesion need to be explored. In this context, Functional Graded Materials (FGMs) have attracted particular attention by virtue of their ability to avoid sharp interfaces and local stress concentrations. Out of all, Additive Manufacturing (AM) routes, particularly the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) technique, is emerging as a productive technique capable of fabricating a wide range of metal-ceramic graded structures. This paper specifically discusses metal-ceramic FGMs ́ capability as a potential high-temperature material with customized multifunctional material properties. It further outlines the primary concerns with the realization of metal-ceramic graded structures and major techniques developed to mitigate problems encountered in processing them. Specific emphasis is laid on the powder-based Laser DED (L-DED) technique of FGM fabrication owing to its control over complex geometries and microstructural engineering.
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