| 1. |
- Douglas, Desiree, et al.
(author)
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A mitogenomic study on the phylogenetic position of snakes
- 2006
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 35:6, s. 545-558
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phylogenetic relationships of squamates (lizards, amphisbaenians and snakes) have received considerable attention, although no consensus has been reached concerning some basal divergences. This paper focuses on the Serpentes (snakes), whose phylogenetic position within the Squamata remains uncertain despite a number of morphological and molecular studies. Some mitogenomic studies have suggested a sister-group relationship between snakes and varanid lizards, while other studies have identified snakes and lizards as sister groups. However, recent studies using nuclear data have presented a different scenario, with snakes being more closely related to anguimorph and iguanian lizards. In this mitogenomic study we have examined the above hypotheses with the inclusion of amphisbaenians, one gekkotan and one acrodont lizard, taxa not represented in previous mitogenomic studies. To this end we have also extended the representation of snakes by sequencing five additional snake genomes: two scolecophidians (Ramphotyphlops australis and Typhlops mirus) two henophidians (Eunectes notaeus and Boa constrictor) and one caenophidian (Elaphe guttata). The phylogenetic analysis recovered snakes and amphisbaenians as sister groups, thereby differing from previous hypotheses. In addition to a discussion on previous morphological and molecular studies in light of the results presented here, the current study also provides some details regarding features of the new snake mitochondrial genomes described.
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| 2. |
- Elofsson, Rolf
(author)
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Rhabdom adaptation and its phylogenetic significance
- 1976
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 5, s. 97-101
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rhabdom adaptation and its phylogenetic significance. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 97–101, 1976. — The rhabdoms of arthropod compound eyes are structurally differentiated into open, fused layered, and fused continuous. All are capable of perceiving polarized light. The fused layered, and under certain conditions the fused continuous, perform particularly well. — The fused layered rhabdoms occur in malacostracan crustaceans and in various insect groups. This, together with, among other things, the presence of open rhabdoms in insects and crustaceans, indicates convergent development of organs and parts of organs. — Elaborate visual organs of more than one kind occur in crustaceans, as is exemplified by the compound and nauplius eyes. This shows that more than one construction on the organ level is possible in a restricted taxo-nomical unit for the. perception of light. The different rhabdom types performing well in receiving polarized light also show parallel evolution on a level below the organ. — The result of adaptation analyses indicates the need for a restricted use of the concept of homology basic to morphological investigations and a base for phylogenetic speculations. It also envisages a fruitful approach to a peep into the workshop of evolution. — It is concluded that a fully formed compound eye in arthropod ancestors is hardly conceivable. A realistic alternative is an inherent capacity of forming a compound eye. Thus the ancestral compound eye could have ranged from nothing to a partly-developed stage. The recent eyes need not originate from one source.
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| 3. |
- Elofsson, Rolf, et al.
(author)
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The Eltringham organ and a new thoracic gland: Ultrastructure and presumed pheromone function (Insecta. Myrmeleontidae)
- 1974
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 3, s. 31-40
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Eltringham's organ is a club-like projection from the posterior margin of hind-wings of some myrmeleontid insects. It bears laterally directed setae, each having a specialized epidermal cell beneath, which gives off secretion into a sub-setal lumen. The lumen continues into the wall of the moat-like socket of the setae. Eltringham's organ fits into an excavation of the lateral body wall connected with the opening of a thoracic gland. The thoracic gland in these animals has not previously been described. It consists of a hollow tube, feebly developed in females. The tube wall houses two cell types: gland cells and cuticular cells. The latter form the cuticle of the general duct lumen and a specialized duct leading from each gland cell. The gland cells have a microvilli-filled cavity which collects the secretion. The thoracic gland produces a pheromone secretion whose distribution is aided by Eltringham's organ where present.
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| 4. |
- Kjaerandsen, Jostein
(author)
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A revision of the Afrotropical genus Dhatrichia Mosely, 1948 (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae).
- 2004
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 33:2, s. 131-185
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Five previously described species of Dhatrichia Mosely, 1948 are recognized: D. inasa Mosely, 1948 from Yemen; D. bipunctata Statzner, 1977 from Zaire; D. lerabae (Gibon, Guenda & Coulibaly, 1994) comb. n. from Burkina Faso and Ghana; and D. cinyra Wells & Andersen, 1995 and D. divergenta Wells & Andersen, 1995 from Tanzania. A sixth species D. feredougoubae Gibon, 1987 from the Ivory Coast and Ghana is transferred to Microptila Ris, 1897 comb. n. In addition, nine new species are described and illustrated as males: D. ankasaensis sp. n., D. botiensis sp. n., D. hunukani sp. n., D. minuta sp. n., D. paraminuta sp. n. and D. wliensis sp. n. from Ghana, D. anderseni sp. n. from Tanzania, and D. madagascarensis sp. n. and D. giboni sp. n. from Madagascar. Females are associated, described and illustrated for all species, except D. inasa and D. giboni. The larvae and pupae of D. ankasaensis, D. hunukani, D. lerabae, D. minuta and D. wliensis are described and illustrated as the first known immatures of the genus. Keys to known larvae, pupae, males and females are provided. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus revealed four species groups. The most plesiomorphous taxa are West African, followed by East African and Malagasian taxa. A sister group relationship between the Eburneo–Ghanean and the Sudanian biogeographical regions is encountered twice. Among several possible sister taxa, the sister group turned out to be Kumanskiella Harris & Flint, 1992 and Microptila Ris, 1897 in part, combined. Implications for generic classification and biogeography are outlined. A morphometric principal component analysis revealed good separation of the sexes by the number and shape of antennal segments, and by eye size. Other measures are strongly dependent on overall size, and show best separation of females between species and species groups. A functional fit between male inferior appendages and secondary sexual characters in female sternite VIII is demonstrated for all species with associated females.
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| 5. |
- Kullberg, Morgan, et al.
(author)
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Phylogenetic analysis of 1.5 Mbp and platypus EST data refute the Marsupionta hypothesis and unequivocally support Monotremata as sister group to Marsupialia/Placentalia
- 2008
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 37:2, s. 115-127
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The extant mammalian groups Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia are, according to the ‘Theria’ hypothesis, traditionally classified into two subclasses. The subclass Prototheria includes the monotremes and subclass Theria marsupials and placental mammals. Based on some morphological and molecular data, an alternative proposition, the Marsupionta hypothesis, favours a sister group relationship between monotremes and marsupials to the exclusion of placental mammals. Phylogenetic analyses of single genes and even multiple gene alignments have not yet been able to conclusively resolve this basal mammalian divergence. We have examined this problem using one data set composed of expressed sequence tags (EST) and another containing 1 510 509 nucleotide (nt) sites from 1358 inferred cDNA genomic sequences. All analyses of the concatenated sequences unambiguously supported the Theria hypothesis. The Marsupionta hypothesis was rejected with high statistical confidence from both data sets. In spite of the strong support for Theria, a non-negligible number of single genes supported either of the two alternative hypotheses. The divergence between monotremes and therian mammals was estimated to have taken place 168–178 Mya, a dating compatible with the fossil record. Considering the long common evolutionary branch of therians, it is surprising that sequence data from many thousand amino acid sites were needed to conclusively resolve their relationship to monotremes. This finding draws attention to other mammalian divergences that have been taken as unequivocally settled based on much smaller alignments. EST data provide a comprehensive random sample of protein coding sequences and an economic way to produce large amounts of data for phylogenetic analysis of species for which genomic sequences are not yet available.
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| 6. |
- Lindqvist, Charlotte, et al.
(author)
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The Laptev Sea walrus Odobenus rosmarus laptevi: an enigma revisited
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:2, s. 113-127
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) is in some current systematic schemes divided into three subspecies: O. r. rosmarus in the North Atlantic, O. r. divergens in the North Pacific and O. r. laptevi in the Laptev Sea. These three subspecies have been described as differing in body size, but the taxonomic status of O. r. laptevi is disputed. The current study applies molecular and morphometric methods to assess the taxonomic status of O. r. laptevi and to analyse the systematic and phylogeographic relationships between the three purported walrus subspecies. Tusk length and tusk circumference were measured from the few skulls available of O. r. laptevi, and the obtained values were within the ranges reported for Pacific walruses. Thus, morphologically, subspecies status for O. r. laptevi is not supported according to the Amadon Mayr '75% rule'. Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks based on mitochondrial nucleotide sequence data of NADH dehydrogenase 1, 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I and the D-loop of the control region of the historic O. r. laptevi bone material and contemporary O. r. rosmarus and O. r. divergens showed that the Laptev Sea walrus groups with individuals from the North Pacific. Thus, the mitochondrial sequence data do not support the recognition of three walrus subspecies as reciprocally monophyletic evolutionary units with independent evolutionary histories. Only O. r. rosmarus and O. r. divergens meet this criterion with the present sampling. Accordingly, we recommend that Odobenus r. laptevi be abandoned and the Laptev walrus instead be recognized as the westernmost population of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus r. divergens. However, further research is recommended to assess whether the Laptev walrus could be considered as a significant unit in terms of conservation and management, since it is unique in several ecological parameters.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Maria
(author)
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Phylogenetic relationships of the Banded Hare wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) and a map of the kangaroo mitochondrial control region
- 2006
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 35:4, s. 387-393
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered Banded Hare wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) was sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The data set consisted of 10 377 nucleotides (3459 amino acids) from three kangaroo species. The phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the hypothesis that the Banded Hare wallaby is the sister-group of the wallaroo (subfamily Macropodidae). In addition to the phylogenetic reconstruction, the mt control region, or (D)-loop, from Australian marsupials has been mapped for the first time. The results show that the organization of the kangaroo control region is similar to that of placental mammals. The presence of a duplicated CSB-1 block found in all three kangaroo species is an uncommon feature of mammalian mt DNA. The CSB domain was found to be the most variable region in the control region, followed by a less variable ETAS domain.
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| 8. |
- Rindal, E., et al.
(author)
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Molecular phylogeny of the fungus gnat tribe Exechiini (Mycetophilidae. Diptera).
- 2007
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 36:4, s. 327-335
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phylogenetic relationships within the fungus gnat tribe Exechiini have been left unattended for many years. Recent studies have not shed much light on the intergeneric relationship within the tribe. Here the first attempt to resolve the phylogeny of the tribe Exechiini using molecular markers is presented. The nuclear 18S and the mitochondrial 16S, and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were successfully sequenced for 20 species representing 15 Exechiini genera and five outgroup genera. Bayesian, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses revealed basically congruent tree topologies and the monophyly of Exechiini, including the genus Cordyla, is confirmed. The molecular data corroborate previous morphological studies in several aspects. Cordyla is found in a basal clade together with Brachypeza, Pseudorymosia and Stigmatomeria. The splitting of the genera Allodiopsis s.l. and Brevicornu s.l. as well as the sistergroup relationship of Exechia and Exechiopsis is also supported. The limited phylogenetic information provided by morphological characters is mirrored in the limited resolution of the molecular markers used in this study. Short internal and long-terminal branches obtained may indicate a rapid radiation of the Exechiini genera during a short evolutionary period.
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| 9. |
- Ohlson, Jan I, et al.
(author)
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Tyrant flycatchers coming out in the open: phylogeny and ecological radiation of Tyrannidae (Aves, Passeriformes)
- 2008
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 37:3, s. 315-335
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tyrant flycatchers constitute a substantial component of the land bird fauna in all South American habitats. Past interpretations of the morphological and ecological evolution in the group have been hampered by the lack of a well-resolved hypothesis of their phylogenetic interrelationships. Here, we present a well-resolved phylogeny based on DNA sequences from three nuclear introns for 128 taxa. Our results confirm much of the overall picture of Tyrannidae relationships, and also identify several novel relationships. The genera Onychorhynchus, Myiobius and Terenotriccus are placed outside Tyrannidae and may be more closely related to Tityridae. Tyrannidae consists of two main lineages. An expanded pipromorphine clade includes flatbills, tody-tyrants and antpipits, and also Phylloscartes and Pogonotriccus. The spadebills, Neopipo and Tachuris are their closest relatives. The remainder of the tyrant flycatchers forms a well-supported clade, subdivided in two large subclades, which differ consistently in foraging behaviour, the perch-gleaning elaeniines and the sallying myiarchines, tyrannines and fluvicolines. A third clade is formed by the genera Myiotriccus, Pyrrhomyias, Hirundinea and three species currently placed in Myiophobus. Ancestral habitat reconstruction and divergence date estimation suggest that early divergence events in Tyrannida took place in a humid forest environment during the Oligocene. Large-scale diversification in open habitats is confined to the clade consisting of the elaeniines, myiarchines, tyrannines and fluvicolines. This radiation correlates in time to the expansion of semi-open and open habitats from the mid-Miocene (c. 15 Mya) onwards. The pipromorphine, elaeniine and myiarchine–tyrannine–fluvicoline clades each employ distinct foraging strategies (upward striking, perch-gleaning and sallying, respectively), but the degree of diversity in morphology and microhabitat exploitation is markedly different between these clades. While the pipromorphines and elaeniines each are remarkably homogenous in morphology and exploit a restricted range of microhabitats, the myiarchine–tyrannine–fluvicoline clade is more diverse in these respects. This greater ecological diversity, especially as manifested in their success in colonizing a wider spectrum of open habitats, appears to be connected to a greater adaptive flexibility of the search-and-sally foraging behaviour.
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| 10. |
- Bertrand, Yann, et al.
(author)
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Phylogenetic hypotheses, taxonomic sameness and the reference of taxon names
- 2008
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 37:3, s. 337-347
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When scientists use a taxon name like Mammalia, it is important that they talk about the same thing. But, what does it mean to be the same thing in different phylogenetic hypotheses? And, how is taxonomic reference maintained across hypotheses? Here, we discuss the differences between real and hypothetical clades, and how such a distinction relates to the sameness problem. Since hypotheses influence how we perceive things and pursue science, we find it important to have a functioning nomenclatural system for clades as perceived in phylogenetic hypotheses. As a solution to the sameness problem for such clades, we argue that a taxon name does not primarily refer to a single clade that somehow mirror the reality of branches in the tree of life. Instead we suggest that a taxon name refers to a set, or natural kind, of counterfactual and reconstructed clades.
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| 11. |
- Erséus, Christer, 1951, et al.
(author)
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18S rDNA phylogeny of Clitellata (Annelida).
- 2004
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 33:2, s. 187-196
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phylogeny of Clitellata was analysed using 18S rDNA sequences of a selection of species representing Hirudinida, Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and 10 oligochaetous families. Eleven new 18S sequences of Capilloventridae (one), Haplotaxidae (one), Propappidae (one), Enchytraeidae (two), Lumbricidae (one), Almidae (one), Megascolecidae (two), Lumbriculidae (one), and Phreodrilidae (one) are reported and aligned together with corresponding sequences of 28 previously studied clitellate taxa. Twelve polychaete species were used as an outgroup. The analysis supports an earlier hypothesis based on morphological features that Capilloventridae represents a basal clade of Clitellata; in the 18S tree it shows a sister-group relationship to all other clitellates. The remaining clitellate taxa form a basal dichotomy, one clade containing Tubificidae (including the former ‘Naididae’), Phreodrilidae, Haplotaxidae, and Propappidae, the other clade with two subgroups: (1) Lumbriculidae together with all leech-like taxa (Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and Hirudinida), and (2) Enchytraeidae together with a monophyletic group of all earthworms included in the study (Lumbricidae, Almidae and Megascolecidae). These earthworms are members of the taxon Crassiclitellata, the monophyly of which is thus supported by the data. The tree also shows support for the hypothesis that the first clitellates were aquatic. The position of the single species representing Haplotaxidae is not as basal as could have been expected from earlier morphology-based conclusions about the ancestral status of this family. However, if Haplotaxidae is indeed a paraphyletic assemblage of relict taxa, a higher number of representatives will be needed to resolve its exact relationships with the other clitellates.
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| 12. |
- Fang, Fang, et al.
(author)
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Molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south Asian cyprinid genera Danio, Devario and Microrasbora (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:3, s. 237-256
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 159 species of the family Cyprinidae supports the subfamily Danioninae, of which Rasborinae is shown to be a junior synonym. Analysis of combined cytochrome b and a fragment of the nuclear rhodopsin gene from 68 species, including 43 species representing the subfamily Danioninae, supports phylogenetic distinctness of Danio and Devario. In the combined molecular analysis Microrasbora rubescens, Chela, Laubuca, Devario, and Inlecypris form a clade with M. gatesi, M. nana and M. kubotai being in sister group position to the rest. The sister group of this Devario clade is Danio. Inlecypris is synonymized with Devario. Microdevario, new genus, is proposed for M. gatesi, M. nana and M. kubotai, supported by morphological characters. In the cytochrome b analysis, M. rubescens falls outside Devario, and there is no morphological support for including M. rubescens in Devario. In the cytochrome b analysis Esomus+Danionella is the sister group of Danio and Devario clades, whereas in individual rhodopsin and combined analyses Esomus is the sister group of Danio, and of Danio and the Devario clade, respectively. Sundadanio presents at least one strong morphological synapomorphy with Danio, but is positioned in molecular trees either as a member of the Cyprininae or as sister group of the remaining Danioninae. In the morphological analysis, small-sized species grouped together based on shared reductions that are not necessarily synapomorphies. In the molecular analysis, small-sized species such as Danionella and Sundadanio possess long branches and their position varies, but they did not group together. This suggests morphological homoplasy, but phylogenetic positions are not well supported in the molecular analyses.
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| 13. |
- Gelang, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Phylogeny of babblers (Aves, Passeriformes): major lineages, family limits and classification
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:3, s. 225-236
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Babblers, family Timaliidae, have long been subject to debate on systematic position, family limits and internal taxonomy. In this study, we use five molecular regions to estimate the relationships among a large proportion of genera traditionally placed in Timaliidae. We find good support for five main clades within this radiation, and propose a new classification, dividing the babblers into the families Sylviidae and Timaliidae. Within the latter family, four subfamilies are recognized: Zosteropinae, Timaliinae, Pellorneinae and Leiothrichinae. Several taxa, previously not studied with molecular data, are phylogenetically placed within Sylviidae or Timaliidae. This is, however, not the case for the genus Pnoepyga, for which we propose the family name Pnoepygidae fam. n.
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| 14. |
- Goicoechea, Noemi, et al.
(author)
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Recovering phylogenetic signal from frog mating calls
- 2010
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 39:2, s. 141-154
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Few studies have tried to analyse the phylogenetic information contained in frog mating calls. While some of those studies suggest that sexual selection deletes any phylogenetic signal, others indicate that frog calls do retain phylogenetic informative characters. Discordant results can be the outcome of disparate rates of character evolution and evolutionary plasticity of call characters in different groups of frogs, but also the result of applying different coding methods. No study to date has compared the relative performance of different coding methods in detecting phylogenetic signal in calls, hampering thus potential consilience between previous results. In this study, we analyse the strength of phylogenetic signal in 10 mating call characters of 11 related species of frogs belonging to three genera of Andean and Amazonian frogs (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae). We use six quantitative characters (number of notes per call, note length, call length, number of pulses per note, fundamental frequency and dominant frequency) and four qualitative ones (presence/absence of: pseudopulses, frequency modulation in notes, amplitude modulation in notes and amplitude modulation in pulses). We code quantitative characters using four different coding and scaling methods: (i) gap-coding, (ii) fixed-scale, (iii) step-matrix gap-weighting with between-characters scaling, and (iv) step-matrix gap-weighting with between-states scaling. All four coding methods indicate that frog calls contain phylogenetic information. These results suggest that divergent selection on frog mating calls may not always be strong enough to eliminate phylogenetic signal. However, coding methods strongly affect the amount of recoverable information. Step-matrix gap-weighting with between-characters scaling and gap-coding are suggested as the best methods available for coding quantitative characters of frog calls. Also, our results indicate that the arbitrariness in selecting character states and the method for scaling transitions weights, rather than the number of character states, is what potentially biases phylogenetic analyses with quantitative characters.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Härlin, Carina, et al.
(author)
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Phylogeny of the eureptantic nemerteans revisited
- 2001
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 30:1, s. 49-58
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we revisit the phylogeny of the eureptantic nemerteans. Three species (Kameginemertes parmiornatus, Drepanophoriella histriana, and Polyschista curacaoensis), not present in the original analyses by Härlin & Sundberg (1995), are included, and in the light of the new results we discuss the phylogenetic taxonomy as well as biogeography of the Eureptantia. The biogeography is assessed by dispersal-vicariance analysis (Ronquist 1997), and the new phylogenetic taxonomy is based on developments (Härlin 1998b, 1999b; Härlin & Sundberg 1998) of nomenclatural ideas originally presented by de Queiroz & Gauthier (1990, 1992).
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| 17. |
- Härlin, Mikael
(author)
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Taxonomic names and phylogenetic trees
- 1998
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 27:4, s. 381-390
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper addresses the issue of philosophy of names within the context of biological taxonomy, more specifically how names refer. By contrasting two philosophies of names, one that is based on the idea that names can be defined and one that they cannot be defined, I point out some advantages of the latter within phylogenetic systematics. Due to the changing nature of phylogenetic hypotheses, the former approach tends to rob taxonomy from its unique communicative value since a name that is defined refers to whatever fits the definition. This is particularly troublesome should the hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship change. I argue that, should we decide to accept a new phylogenetic hypothesis, it is also likely that our view of what to name may change. A system where names only refer acknowledge this, and accordingly leaves it open whether to keep a name (and accept the way it refers in the new hypothesis) or discard a name and introduce new names for the parts of the tree that we find scientifically interesting. One of the main differences between a phylogenetic system of definition (PSD) and a phylogenetic system of reference (PSR) is that the former is governed by laws of language while the latter by communicative needs of taxonomists. Thus, a PSR tends to give primacy to phylogenetic trees rather than phylogenetic definitions of names should our views of which phylogenetic hypothesis to accept change.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Johanson, K.A., et al.
(author)
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Testing the monophyly of the New Zealand and Australian endemic family Conoesucidae Ross based on combined molecular and morphological data (Insecta: Trichoptera: Sericostomatoidea)
- 2009
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In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:6, s. 563-573
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conoesucidae (Trichoptera, Insecta) are restricted to SE Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. The family includes 42 described species in 12 genera, and each genus is endemic to either New Zealand or Australia. Although monophyly has been previously assumed, no morphological characters have been proposed to represent synapomorphies for the group. We collected molecular data from two mitochondrial genes (16S and cytochrome oxidase I), one nuclear gene (elongation factor 1-alpha) (2237-2277 bp in total), and 12 morphological characters to produce the first phylogeny of the family. We combined the molecular and morphological characters and performed both a maximum parsimony analysis and a Bayesian analysis to test the monophyly of the family, and to hypothesize the phylogeny among its genera. The parsimony analysis revealed a single most parsimonious tree with Conoesucidae being a monophyletic taxon and sistergroup to the Calocidae. The Bayesian inference produced a distribution of trees, the consensus of which is supported with posterior probabilities of 100% for 15 out of 22 possible ingroup clades including the most basal branch of the family, indicating strong support for a monophyletic Conoesucidae. The most parsimonious tree and the tree from the Bayesian analysis were identical except that the ingroup genus Pycnocentria changed position by jumping to a neighbouring clade. Based on the assumption that the ancestral conoesucid species was present on both New Zealand and Australia, a biogeographical analysis using the dispersal-vicariance criteria demonstrated that one or two (depending on which of the two phylogenetic reconstructions were applied) sympatric speciation events took place on New Zealand prior to a single, late dispersal from New Zealand to Australia.
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| 20. |
- Koblmuller, Stephan, et al.
(author)
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Phylogeographic structure and gene flow in the scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis (Teleostei, Perciformes, Cichlidae) in southern Lake Tanganyika
- 2009
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 38:3, s. 257-268
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the most fragmented habitats in freshwater lakes is the rocky littoral zone, where the already richly structured habitat is frequently interspersed with more pronounced barriers such as sandy bays, river estuaries and deep slopes. Although habitat fragmentation generally constrains the dispersal of specialized rock-dwelling species, patterns of population structure vary in sympatric taxa due to species-specific traits. In the present study, we examine the phylogeographic and population genetic structure of Perissodus microlepis, a presumptively highly mobile scale-eating cichlid fish endemic to Lake Tanganyika with a lake-wide distribution in the rocky littoral zone and no obvious geographical colour variation. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of six populations in the southern end of the lake suggests isolation by distance along rocky shoreline. Across a large muddy bay, a phylogeographic break indicates that environmental barriers restrict gene flow even in this highly mobile species. Restricted dispersal across the bay is not necessarily a consequence of an intrinsic propensity to avoid sand, but may be connected with the association between P. microlepis and other rock-dwelling fish, which the scale-eaters mimic and intermingle in order to be able to approach other fish to rip off scales from their bodies.
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| 21. |
- Koehler, Joern, et al.
(author)
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Systematics of Andean gladiator frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus species group (Anura, Hylidae)
- 2010
-
In: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 39:6, s. 572-590
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We revisit the taxonomic status of Andean species and populations of frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus group using multiple lines of evidence potentially indicative of evolutionary lineage divergence in anurans: differences in qualitative morphological or bioacoustic character states, no overlap in quantitative characters of advertisement calls, and monophyly of gene genealogies. We found qualitative and quantitative morphological characters to be extremely variable among species and populations of the group and thus of very limited use in assessing lineage divergence. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and cytochrome b sequences resolved highly supported clades that are in concordance with bioacoustic differences. The results support the specific distinctness of most nominal species recognized in the group, including the Bolivian Hypsiboas balzani and Hypsiboas callipleura, two species that were considered to be synonymous, and revealed the presence of an undescribed species from southern Peru, which is here described as Hypsiboas gladiator sp. n. In contrast, Hypsiboas andinus and Hypsiboas riojanus were mutually paraphyletic, and showed no differences in morphology and acoustic characters. Consequently, we regard the former as a junior synonym of the latter. However, we discovered that populations of H. riojanus from central Bolivia exhibit some degree of genetic differentiation and advertisement call differences with respect to Argentine populations, but sampling of these Bolivian populations is too sparse to draw taxonomic conclusions. Our phylogenetic results support the hypothesis that ancestral lineages of the Andean H. pulchellus group experienced successive splitting events along a latitudinal gradient from north to south.
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