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- Konsman, J.P., et al.
(författare)
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How the immune and nervous systems interact during disease-associated anorexia
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 17:7-8, s. 664-668
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Anorexia is one of the most common symptoms associated with illness and constitutes an adaptive strategy in fighting acute infectious diseases. However, prolonged reduction in food intake and an increase in metabolic rate, as seen in the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, lead to depletion of body fat and protein reserves, thus worsening the organism's condition. Because the central nervous system controls many aspects of food intake, soluble factors known as cytokines that are secreted by immune cells might act on the brain to induce anorexia during disease. This review focuses on the communication pathways from the immune system to the brain that might mediate anorexia during disease. The vagus nerve is a rapid route of communication from the immune system to the brain, as subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuates the decrease in food-motivated behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nervous system in response to peripheral administration of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1ß, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. At later time points after peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration, interleukin-1 itself acts in the brain to mediate anorexia and is found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The mechanisms by which interleukin-1ß gains access to the brain and the potential role of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in the arcuate hypothalamus in mediating anorexia during disease are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.
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- Kristenson, Margareta, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Lower serum levels of beta-carotene in Lithuanian men are accompanied by higher urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine : The LiVicordia study.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 19:1, s. 11-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: In 1995, middle-aged Lithuanian men had a four-fold higher risk than Swedish men of dying from coronary heart disease. The cross-sectional LiVicordia study had reported significantly lower levels of the lipid-soluble antioxidants lycopene, ▀-carotene, and ?-tocopherol among Lithuanian men than among Swedish men. We examined whether there were differences in urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, between these groups of men. METHODS: Using automated coupled column high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, we examined 50-y-old men randomly sampled from Link÷ping, Sweden (n = 99) and Vilnius, Lithuania (n = 109) with regard to urinary concentrations of 8-OHdG. RESULTS: Levels of 8-OHdG were higher in the Lithuanian men than in the Swedish men (20.9 ▒ 0.91 versus 14.9 ▒ 0.75 nM/L, P < 0.001), and this difference was evident in smokers (P < 0.01) and non-smokers (P < 0.001). Serum levels of a- and ▀-carotene were inversely correlated to urinary 8-OHdG levels (P < 0.05 in both cases). Habitual smoking and low levels of ▀-carotene contributed significantly to higher oxidative DNA damage expressed as urinary 8-OHdG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that increased urinary 8-OHdG levels accompany lower serum levels of antioxidants in Lithuanian men. They supported previous suggestions that increased oxidative stress may be one factor behind the higher mortality in Lithuanian men. ⌐ Elsevier Science Inc. 2003.
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- Netterbladt, Carl Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-stress carbohydrate solution prevents fatal outcome after hemorrhage in 24 hour food deprived rats
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 12:10, s. 696-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-four-hour food deprivation increases mortality after experimental hemorrhage. Survival after hemorrhageis closely related to the capacity of the animal to develop hyperglycemia. In this study, 24-h food-deprived ratswere subjected to hemorrhage over a period of 75 min, standardized to reach a final blood pressure of 45 mmHg. Just prior to hemorrhage, the rats ingested a carbohydrate solution (n = 8) 2.16 mL/100 g body weight (b.wt.) or the same volume of water sweetened with sodiumsaccarinate (n = 7). A third group (n = 8) received an IV infusion of 5% glucose 0.5 mL/100 g b. wt. to mimic the hyperglycemia during hemorrhage of rats taking carbohydrates before stress. During hemorrhage rats treated with oral carbohydrate and IV glucose developed moderate hyperglycemia while glucose levels fell in water-treated rats (P < 0.001). Concomitant developments in hematocrits indicated improved plasma refill in carbohydrate and glucose-treated animals versus controls (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood pressure by the end of hemorrhage. Six of the seven animals treated with water died within 2 h of bleeding. In both the carbohydrate- and the glucose-treated groups 7 of 8 animals recovered and survived the 7-d observation period (P < 0.05 versus controls). It is concluded that oral carbohydrate solution before hemorrhage can alter the outcome after experimental hemorrhage. The similar finding in rats given IV glucose suggests that the key factor for survival was the capacity to mount a state of hyperglycemia during hemorrhage.
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- Nygren, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term hypocaloric nutrition but not bed rest decrease insulin sensitivity and IGF-I bioavailability in healthy subjects : the importance of glucagon
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 13:11-12, s. 945-951
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyperinsulinemic, normoglycemic clamps were performed before and after 24 h of either hypocaloric nutrition or bed rest in healthy subjects. Decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) bioavailibility, as measured by the serum IGF-I/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) ratio, was found after fasting, whereas no metabolic changes were found after bed rest. Glucagon seems to be a key regulator of IGFBP-1 after brief hypocaloric nutrition. Hypocaloric nutrition and immobilization may add to the catabolic response to surgery and other trauma. Presently, six healthy subjects were studied before and after a 24-h period of hypocaloric nutrition (200 kcal/24 h, fast) or immobilization (bed rest) using the hyperinsulinemic (0.8 mU · kg−1 · min−1), normoglycemic (4.5 mmol/L) clamp, indirect calorimetry, and circulating levels of substrates and hormones. After fast, body weight decreased (P < 0.05), and nitrogen balance was negative (−10 ± 1 g urea nitrogen/24 h). Basal levels of free fatty acids, glucagon, and IGFBP-1 increased (P < 0.05), whereas c-peptide levels and the IGF-I/IGFBP-1 ratio decreased (P < 0.05). However, no change was found in basal levels of IGF-I or substrate oxidation. Furthermore, changes (%) in basal levels of glucagon after fast correlated to IGFBP-1 (r = 1.0, P < 0.05), whereas the suppressibility of IGFBP-1 by insulin was maintained at normal levels. During clamps, glucose infusion rates (GIR) decreased after fast (−43 ± 13%, mean ± SEM, P < 0.001). Although not significant, clamp levels of fat oxidation tended to increase and glucose oxidation tended to decrease. Levels of IGFBP-1 during clamps were higher as compared with the control clamp (P < 0.05). No adverse metabolic changes were seen after bed rest, and no change in GIR during clamps were seen as compared with the control measurement (0 ± 14%). After brief hypocaloric nutrition, insulin sensitivity is reduced, whereas IGF-I bioavailibility is reduced by an increase in levels of IGFBP-1. Glucagon seems to contribute to the increase in IGFBP-1 during these conditions.
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- Thorell, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on hormonal changes, hepaticglycogen and glucoregulatory enzymes during abdominal surgery
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 12:10, s. 690-695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of preoperative glucose infusion on preoperative alterations in hepatic glycogen content, the activity of key hepatic glucoregulatory enzymes (fructose 1,6-diphosphatase [FDPase]), pyruvate kinase (PK), hormonal developments, and plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were investigated in 16 patients undergoing open cholecystectomy. Patients were randomized to receive (group G) or not receive (group C) overnight glucose infusion (5 mg·kg−1·d−1) preoperatively. Infusion of glucose overnight resulted in preoperative elevations of insulin and c-peptide (P < 0.05) and lower plasma levels of FFA, while the same glucose levels were found in both groups, 4.6 mmol/L. During and after surgery, only minor changes in the plasma levels of insulin, c-peptide, catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and FFA were found, with minimal differences between groups. The hepatic glycogen content was 65% higher in group G and a significant reduction was confirmed only in this group of patients during surgery. The higher glycogen content was associated with a higher FDPase activity ratio (P < 0.05), which remained unchanged during surgery. In contrast, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the activity of this enzyme was found in group C. The PK activity ratio did not differ between groups and remained unchanged during surgery. The finding of enhanced FDPase activity suggests that the indirect route (via gluconeogenesis) represents an important contributor to the increased glycogen formation during glucose infusion. Additionally, surgery in the overnight fasted patient induces enzymatic changes favoring gluconeogenesis. Lastly, preoperative high-dose glucose infusion has only minor effects on the endocrine response, plasma levels of FFA, and glycogen depletion during elective open cholecystectomy.
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- Alshahawy, Rasha, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in plasma fatty acids and related biomarkers during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy adults
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - : Elsevier. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the time scale of plasma fatty acid changes during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy individuals and determine whether there are associated alterations in arachidonic acid (ARA)-derived inflammatory mediators, estimated stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity, and blood pressure. Methods: In pursuit of a religious fast, 36 adults abstained from eating poultry, meat, dairy products, and eggs, while increasing fish intake for 6 wk. Participants were assessed 1 wk before (W0) and 1 (WI) and 6 (W6) weeks after the diet change. Results: By W6, fasting plasma long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs); docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) had increased (+67% and +73%, respectively; P <= 0.001), with early rise of DHA (+22%), but not EPA at W1.The omega-3 index (sum of DHA and EPA as a percent of total fatty acids) increased from 2.1% to 3.4%. ARA decreased progressively (W1, -9%; W6, -16%; P < 0.001). ARA precursors gamma-linolenic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids also decreased, without changes in the ARA-derived mediators prostaglandin-E2 and leukotriene-B4. Myristic acid decreased at W1 (-37%) and W6 (-40%). There was no consistent change in SCD indices. At W6, systolic and diastolic blood pressure had declined by 8 and 5 mm Hg, respectively (P <= 0.013). Conclusions: Shifting to a plant- and fish-based diet produces rapid and sustained increases in omega-3 LC-PUFAs and decreases the omega-6 PUFA ARA and its precursors, consistent with a cardio-protective profile. The rapid response suggests that these biomarkers may be useful for assessment of diet interventions.
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- Axling, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic effects of whole grain wheat and whole grain rye in the C57BL/6J mouse.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 26, s. 230-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: A diet rich in whole grain cereals is suggested to protect against type 2 diabetes and facilitate body weight regulation. However, little is known about the impact of different cereals and the underlying mechanisms. The objective of this study was to compare the long-term metabolic effects of diets supplemented with whole grain wheat or whole grain rye in the C57BL/6J mouse. METHODS: Mice were fed the whole grain supplements in a low-fat background diet for 22 wk. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed during the study and in vitro insulin secretion assays were performed at the end of the study. Body weight, energy intake, body fat content, and plasma parameters were measured during the study. RESULTS: A dietary supplement of whole grain rye suppressed body weight gain and resulted in significantly decreased adiposity, plasma leptin, total plasma cholesterol, and triacylglycerols compared with a supplement of whole grain wheat. Also, a slight improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in the rye group compared with the wheat group. The decreases in body weight and adiposity were observed in the absence of differences in energy intake. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of whole grain rye evokes a different metabolic profile compared with whole grain wheat in the C57BL/6J mouse, the primary difference being that whole grain rye reduces body weight and adiposity compared with whole grain wheat. In addition, whole grain rye slightly improves insulin sensitivity and lowers total plasma cholesterol.
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- Blomstrand, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on plasma and muscle concentrations of amino acids during prolonged submaximal exercise.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 12:7-8, s. 485-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On two occasions, seven male endurance-trained cyclists performed sustained exhaustive exercise with reduced muscle glycogen stores. During exercise, the subjects were supplied in random order with an aqueous solution of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) or flavored water (placebo). Ingestion of BCAA caused the concentration of these amino acids to increase by 135% in the plasma and by 57% in muscle tissue during exercise, whereas in the placebo trial there was no change or a slight decrease in the concentration in plasma and a decrease of 18% in the muscle. The plasma concentration of alanine increased by 48% during exercise when BCAA were ingested, and the increase in the muscle concentration of alanine during exercise was larger (70% versus 31% in the placebo trial), suggesting an increased rate of alanine production. Also, the plasma concentration of arginine increased by 14% during exercise when BCAA were ingested, whereas there was no change during exercise in the placebo trial. There was a smaller decrease in the muscle glutamate concentration during exercise in the BCAA trial (32% versus 47% in the placebo trial; p < 0.05), but, for the remaining amino acids, there was no difference between the BCAA and placebo trials. There was a significant decrease in the muscle glycogen concentration during exercise in the placebo trial, whereas only a small decrease was found in the BCAA trial (28 and 9 mmol/kg wet wt [p < 0.05] in the placebo and BCAA trial, respectively). This might indicate that an increased supply of BCAA has a sparing effect on muscle glycogen degradation during exercise.
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- Boccardi, Virginia, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus paper on the executive summary of the international conference on Mediterranean diet and health : a lifelong approach an Italian initiative supported by the Mediterranean Diet Foundation and the Menarini Foundation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 51-52, s. 38-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mediterranean Diet Foundation, in collaboration with the International Menarini Foundation, organized the International Conference on Mediterranean Diet and Health: A Lifelong Approach. The Conference was held in Ostuni (Puglia, Italy) from March 30 to April 1, 2017. The event received the endorsement of the American Federation for Aging Research, the Research Consortium Luigi Amaducci, the European Nutrition for Health Alliance, the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, the Clinical Section of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics European Region, the National Research Council Research Project on Aging, the Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics, and the Italian Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.During the conference, results were presented from major studies on dietary interventions aiming to assess the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of chronic diseases and the potential underlying mechanisms. Twenty-six international speakers, in seven different sessions, discussed the biological basis, clinical impact, health policy, and behavioral implications of the Mediterranean diet, and its use in potential interventions for health promotion.
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- Chen, Jie, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease : Mendelian randomization study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - : Elsevier. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The role of plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA) in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD), cirrhosis, and liver cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the causality of the associations of plasma phospholipid AA with NALFD, cirrhosis, and liver cancer using Mendelian ran-domization analysis.Methods: Nine independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma phospholipid AA at the genome-wide significance were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for three outcomes were obtained from 1) a genome-wide association study for NAFLD, 2) the UK Biobank study, and 3) the Finn -Gen study. The sensitivity analysis excluding the pleiotropic variant rs174547 in the FADS1 gene was per-formed. Estimates from different sources were combined using the fixed-effects meta-analysis method.Results: Per standard deviation increase in AA levels, the combined odds ratio was 1.06 (95% confidence inter-val, 1.02-1.11; P = 0.008) for NAFLD, 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.09; P = 0.009) for cirrhosis, and 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.05; P = 0.765) for liver cancer. The associations remained stable in the sensitivity analysis excluding rs174547.Conclusions: This study suggests potential causal associations of high levels of plasma phospholipid AA with the risk of NAFLD and cirrhosis.
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- Clevers, Egbert, et al.
(författare)
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Adherence to diet low in fermentable carbohydrates and traditional diet for irritable bowel syndrome
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007. ; 73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Dietary interventions in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) include a traditional IBS diet following the guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence to these diets, food groups difficult to replace, and dietary determinants of symptom improvement. Methods: Sixty-six patients with IBS were randomized to a 4-wk low FODMAP or traditional IBS diet. Participants completed 4-d diet diaries before and during the intervention and reported symptoms on the IBS severity scoring system. We described adherence to the diets on the food group and product level and investigated the association between adherence and symptom improvement. Results: Adherence to the low FODMAP diet was good and consistent: All participants had a comparable shift in the diet's principal components compatible with the guidelines. Most high FODMAP products were well replaced with low FODMAP equivalents. However, total energy intake fell by 25%, mainly owing to a 69% decreased intake of snacks (P < 0.001). The traditional IBS diet did not shift the diet's principal components, and despite the guidelines, consumption of coffee and alcoholic beverages remained rather high (>50% of baseline). Total energy intake fell by 11% (P = 0.15). For both diets, there was a trend toward an association between adherence and symptom improvement (P < 0.10). Conclusion: In both the low FODMAP and traditional IBS diet, certain food groups were difficult to replace. Because adherence may predict symptom improvement, close dietary guidance might enhance the efficacy of both diets. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
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