| 1. |
- Adegoke, Olutayo, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of laser powder bed fusion process parameters on the microstructure of solution heat-treated nickel-based superalloy Alloy 247LC
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, Alloy 247LC samples were built with different laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process parameters. The samples were then subjected to solution heat treatment at 1260 °C for 2 h. The grain size of all the samples increased significantly after the heat treatment. The relationship between the process parameters and grain size of the samples was investigated by performing a design of experiment analysis. The results indicated that the laser power was the most significant process parameter that influenced the grain height and aspect ratio. The laser power also significantly influenced the grain width. The as-built and as-built + heat-treated samples with high, medium, and low energy densities were characterized using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope equipped with an electron backscatter diffraction detector. The micrographs revealed that the cells present in the as-built samples disappeared after the heat treatment. Isolated cases of twinning were observed in the grains of the as-built + heat-treated samples. The disappearance of cells, increase in the grain size, and appearance of twins suggested that recrystallization occurred in the alloy after the heat treatment. The occurrence of recrystallization was confirmed by analyzing the grain orientation spread of the alloy, which was lower and more predominantly <1° in the as-built + heat-treated conditions than in the as-built conditions. The microhardness of the as-built + heat-treated samples were high which was plausible because γ’ precipitates were observed in the samples. However, the L-PBF process parameters had a very low correlation with the microhardness of the as-built + heat-treated samples.
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| 2. |
- Adnan, Safdar, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of microstructural development in electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V
- 2012
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 65, s. 8-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the current work an investigation of the microstructures of EBM built Ti-6Al-4V test bars has been performed using OM, SEM, TEM and XRD. It has been found that the prior beta phase, that formed during the initial solidification, possesses a column shaped morphology with growing direction parallel to built direction. Typical (alpha+beta) structures namely Widmanstatten alpha platelets with rod-like beta phase formed on the interfaces of the fine alpha grains, have been observed in the columnar prior beta grains. Grain boundary alpha phase was found to be formed around the boundaries of the columnar prior beta grains. Different phases present in the parts, especially the BCC beta phases have been characterized. The TEWEDX results indicate very high V composition in the beta phase. Results of TEWSAED and XRD also revealed that a superlattice structure could be present in the beta phase. Phase transformation sequence is discussed according to the processing history and the microstructures observed.
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| 3. |
- Akhtar, Farid, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure, mechanical and fretting wear properties of TiC-stainless steel composites
- 2008
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 59:1, s. 84-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study deals with the processing, microstructure, and wear behavior of TiC-reinforced stainless steel matrix composites, containing 50 to 70 wt.% TiC. Powder technology was used to successfully fabricate the composites. The microstructure of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructural study revealed that the TiC particles were distributed uniformly in the steel matrix phase. Interface debonding and microcracks were not observed in the composite. The composite hardness increased with TiC content. The fretting wear resistance of the composites was studied against high speed steel. The wear mechanisms are discussed by means of microscopical observations on the worn surfaces. The wear was severe at higher wear loads and lower TiC content. Microplowing of the stainless steel matrix was found to be the dominant wear mechanism. Heavy microplowing and rapid removal of material from the wear surface was observed at high wear load. The variation of wear loss with volume fraction and mean free path of the binder phase is also reported
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| 4. |
- Akhtar, Farid, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and wear behavior of high volume TiC reinforced Cu-matrix composites
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 60:4, s. 327-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study deals with the processing, microstructure, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and wear behavior of high volume titanium carbide reinforced copper matrix composites. The microstructural study revealed that the titanium carbide particles were distributed uniformly in the matrix phase. No interface debonding and micro-cracks were observed in the composite. The addition of alloying elements in the copper considerably increased the sintered density and properties. The composite hardness and strength increased with titanium carbide content and alloying elements in the matrix phase. The electrical conductivities of the composites were predicted using three point upper bound and two phase self consistent predictive models. The wear resistance of the composites was studied against high speed steel. Wear mechanisms were discussed by means of microscope observations on the worn surfaces. The ratio of titanium carbide average grain size to the mean free path of the binder was introduced as a parameter to determine wear performance.
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| 5. |
- Ariaseta, Achmad, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural study of keyhole TIG welded nickel-based superalloy G27
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The weld fusion zone (FZ) microstructure obtained after keyhole tungsten inert gas welding and post-weld solution heat treatments (PWSHTs) of a new nickel (Ni)-based superalloy called G27 is studied, and the grain growth behavior in the base material (BM) during PWSHTs is characterized. Microsegregation-induced interdendritic microconstituents in the FZ of as-welded G27 are identified by analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) as niobium (Nb)-rich MC carbides, Nb-rich Laves eutectic constituents, γ’ and η phases. The Laves eutectics are generally considered brittle and can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the weldment; thus, an hour PWSHTs were performed at 954 °C–1060 °C to eliminate the γ/Laves eutectics. PWSHT up to 1010 °C results in only partial removal of Laves eutectics with an excessive formation of η phase surrounding the Laves phase. Complete dissolution of Laves eutectics with no η phase formation is achieved after a PWSHT is performed at 1060 °C. Relative to INCONEL® alloy 718, the complete elimination of the γ/Laves eutectic constituents in the FZ of G27 through a PWSHT was proven to be achieved without causing excessive grain growth in the BM, which could be due to the pinning effect of the fine molybdenum (Mo)-rich precipitates, that are formed during solution heat treatment and identified as hexagonal close-packed phase particles through extensive (S)TEM analyses.
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| 6. |
- Azadian, Saied, et al.
(författare)
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Delta Phase Precipitation in Inconel 718
- 2004
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; :52, s. 7-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The precipitation and dissolution kinetics of the δ-phase were studied in three wrought versions and one spray-formed (SF) version of the nickel alloy, Inconel 718. The precipitation in the spray-formed version and one wrought version was followed during isothermal ageing for up to 100 h between 700 and 1000 °C. The δ-phase precipitates in the form of nonuniformly distributed thin platelets and an alternative method of measuring volume fraction of this precipitate morphology is proposed. At and above 800 °C, the precipitation was measured quantitatively in terms of the volume fraction and platelet thickness distribution. The maximum rate of precipitation occurred at approximately 900 °C. The solvus temperature lay between 1005 and 1015 °C for Nb contents of 5.06 and 5.41 wt.%, respectively. A study was made of the dissolution of the δ-phase in all four alloys using isochronal treatments and this confirmed the above solvus temperature range. The effect of δ-phase and its dissolution on the grain growth of the alloys was also determined.
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| 7. |
- Balachandramurthi, Arun Ramanathan, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural influence on fatigue crack propagation during high cycle fatigue testing of additively manufactured Alloy 718
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 149, s. 82-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of the microstructure of additively manufactured Alloy 718 was performed in order to better understand the parameters that have an influence on the fatigue properties of the material. The specimens were manufactured using two powder bed fusion techniques – Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Four point bending fatigue tests were performed at room temperature with a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and 20 Hz frequency, on material that was either in hot isostatically pressed (HIP) and solution treated and aged (STA) condition or in STA condition without a prior HIP treatment. The grains in the SLM material in the HIP + STA condition have grown considerably both in the hatch and the contour regions; EBM material, in contrast, shows grain growth only in the contour region. Fractographic analysis of the specimens in HIP + STA condition showed a faceted appearance while the specimens in STA condition showed a more planar crack appearance. The crack propagation occurred in a transgranular mode and it was found that precipitatessuch as NbC, TiN or δ-phase, when present, did not affect the crack path. The areas with larger grains corresponded to the faceted appearance of the fracture surface. This could be attributed to the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip being confined within one grain, in case of the larger grains, which promotes single shear crack growth mode
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| 8. |
- Bogdanoff, Toni, et al.
(författare)
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On the secondary cracks during crack propagation in an Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy : An in-situ study
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During in situ cyclic testing of hot isostatically pressed and heat-treated Al-5Si-0.5 Mg-1Cu alloy castings, cracks were observed to open up in places far away from the area of stress concentration. Cyclic testing was interrupted to assess these cracks. Analysis showed that these cracks originated from oxide bifilms that were entrained in the liquid state. Moreover, Si and Fe-rich intermetallics were observed to have precipitated on these bifilms. These finding makes it necessary to re-evaluate how damage is interpreted in mechanical studies. Entrainment damage, which takes place in the liquid state, may remain invisible in non-destructive inspection and can significantly affect fatigue properties when bifilms open up under low tensile stresses and present the propagating crack a path of low resistance during propagation.
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| 9. |
- Brunatova, Ereza, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal stability of titanate nanorods and titania nanowires formed from titanate nanotubes by heating
- 2014
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 98, s. 26-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of titanate nanowires was studied by a combination of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 3D precession electron diffraction. Titania nanowires and titanate nanorods were prepared by heating of titanate nanotubes. The structure of final product depended on heating conditions. Titanium nanotubes heated in air at a temperature of 850 degrees C decomposed into three phases Na2Ti6O13 (nanorods) and two phases of TiO2 anatase and rutile. At higher temperatures the anatase form of TiO2 transforms into rutile and the nanorods change into rutile nanoparticles. By contrast, in the vacuum only anatase phases of TiO2 were obtained by heating at 900 degrees C. The anatase transformation into ruffle began only after a longer time of heating at 1000 degrees C. For the description of anisotropic XRD line broadening in the total powder pattern fitting by the program MSTRUCT a model of nanorods with elliptical base was included in the software. The model parameters rod length, axis size of the elliptical base, the ellipse flattening parameter and twist of the base could be refined. Variation of particle shapes with temperature was found.
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| 10. |
- Brunatova, Tereza, et al.
(författare)
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Study of titanate nanotubes by X-ray and electron diffraction and electron microscopy
- 2014
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 87, s. 166-171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of titanate nanotubes (Ti-NTs) was studied by a combination of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), electron diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Ti-NTs are prepared by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 powder. The structure is identified by powder X-ray diffraction as the one based on the structure of H2Ti2O5 center dot H2O phase. The same structure is obtained by projected potential from HRTEM through-focus image series. The structure is verified by simulated PXRD pattern with the aid of the Debye formula. The validity of the model is tested by computing Fourier transformation of a single nanotube which is proportional to measured electron diffraction intensities. A good agreement of this calculation with measured precession electron diffraction data is achieved.
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| 11. |
- Charalampopoulou, Evangelia, et al.
(författare)
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Early stages of dissolution corrosion in 316L and DIN 1.4970 austenitic stainless steels with and without anticorrosion coatings in static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 500 degrees C
- 2021
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work addresses the early stages (<= 1000 h) of the dissolution corrosion behavior of 316L and DIN 1.4970 austenitic stainless steels in contact with oxygen-poor (C-O < 10(-8) mass%), static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 500 degrees C for 600-1000 h. The objective of this study was to determine the relative early-stage resistance of the uncoated steels to dissolution corrosion and to assess the protectiveness of select candidate coatings (Cr2AlC, Al2O3, V2AlxCy). The simultaneous exposure of steels with intended differences in microstructure and thermomechanical state showed the effects of steel grain size, density of annealing/deformation twins, and secondary precipitates on the steel dissolution corrosion behavior. The findings of this study provide recommendations on steel manufacturing with the aim of using the steels to construct Gen-IV lead-cooled fast reactors.
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| 12. |
- Claesson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of iron carbides during tempering of low-alloy tool steel studied with polarized small angle neutron scattering, electron microscopy and atom probe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 194, s. 112464-112464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The magnetic scattering of iron carbides in low-alloy tool steel was investigated ex-situ by polarized small angle neutron scattering measurements after tempering the steel at 550 °C and 600 °C. Magnetic features could be detected in the as-quenched sample resulting in a negative interference term, believed to be either θ-Fe3C, η-Fe2C, or ε-Fe2-3C. During tempering the evolution of cementite could be studied by the variation of the interference term and in γ-ratio, which is the ratio of the magnetic to nuclear scattering length density contrast. From scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and atom probe tomography, it is evident that cementite (θ-Fe3C) is present directly when reaching the tempering temperature of either 550 °C or 600 °C. At longer tempering times, cementite gets enriched with substitutional elements like chromium and manganese, forming an enriched shell on the cementite particles. STEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry show that the chemical composition of small cementite particles approaches that of Cr-rich M7C3 carbides after 24 h at 600 °C. It is also seen that small non-magnetic particles precipitate during tempering and these correspond well with molybdenum and vanadium-rich carbides.
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| 13. |
- Claesson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Scanning precession electron diffraction study of carbide precipitation sequence in low alloy martensitic Cr-Mo-V tool steel
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Precipitation of carbides after tempering of a medium carbon low alloyed Cr-Mo-V tool steel at 600 degrees C was studied with scanning precession electron diffraction (SPED) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The precipitation sequence was evaluated by mapping the carbide distribution on carbon extraction replicas prepared from samples tempered for different durations of up to 24 h. The SPED results were supplemented by equilibrium calculations and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements in a TEM. It was found that e-Fe2C precipitates within martensite laths during quenching via auto-tempering. During reheating to tempering temperature e-Fe2C was dissolved and replaced by cementite, 0-M3C, which predominately form on martensite boundaries. It was further found that the small carbides in the early stage of tempering have predominantly a cubic MC structure, even if the V/Mo-ratio of the studied steel was only 0.12, and it is known from literature that V and Mo form cubic MC or hexagonal M2C carbides, respectively. Later during tempering more stable carbides, such as M7C3 and M23C6, also form, and it was concluded that the M7C3 form both by separate nucleation and precipitation on the cementite/matrix interface. The latter phenomenon was seen as particles with a core of cementite and a shell of M7C3 after 24 h of tempering.
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| 14. |
- Cui, Luqing, et al.
(författare)
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Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Nickel-based Superalloy M951G at Elevated Temperatures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests of the newly developed nickel-based superalloy M951G have been conducted at 900 and 1000 °C under different total strain amplitudes. Results show that the fatigue properties, fracture mechanisms as well as coarsening of γ′ precipitates are dependent on testing temperatures and strain amplitudes. Fatigue life and cyclic stress response under the same total strain amplitude at 1000 °C are lower than that at 900 °C, which is due to the degradation of microstructures, shearing of γ′ precipitates by dislocations and serious oxidation. Fracture modes change from intergranular cracking to the mixed mode cracking as the strain amplitude increases. At low strain amplitudes, M951G alloy fails in the form of intergranular cracking owing to the oxidation of surface carbides and the relatively low deformation rate. At higher strain amplitudes, the strain localization in grain interior, the distribution of broken carbides and eutectics as well as the relatively higher strain rate are the main reasons for the formation of transgranular microcracks. Ultimately, the effects of fatigue conditions on coarsening of cubic γ′ precipitates are also analyzed from the aspect of γ′ volume fraction, fatigue life and flow stress difference between the γ/γ′ interfaces.
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| 15. |
- Cwirzen, A., et al.
(författare)
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SEM/AFM studies of cementitious binder modified by MWCNT and nano-sized Fe needles
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 60:7, s. 735-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several compositions of cement paste samples containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes were produced using a small-size vacuum mixer. The mixes had water-to-binder ratios of 0.25 and 0.3. Sulfate resistant cement has been used. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes were introduced as a water suspension with added surfactant admixtures. The used surfactant acted as plasticizing agents for the cement paste and as dispersant for the multiwalled carbon nanotubes. A set of beams was produced to determine the compressive and flexural strengths. The scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope studies of fractured and polished samples showed a good dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the cement matrix. The studies revealed also sliding of multiwalled carbon nanotubes from the matrix in tension which indicates their weak bond with cement matrix. In addition to multiwalled carbon nanotubes also steel wires covered with ferrite needles were investigated to determine the bond strength between the matrix and the steel wire. These later samples consisted of 15-mm-high cylinders of cement paste with vertically cast-in steel wires. As reference, plain steel wires were cast, too. The bond strength between steel wires covered with nano-sized Fe needles appeared to be lower in comparison with the reference wires. The scanning electron microscope studies of fractured samples indicated on brittle nature of Fe needles resulting in shear-caused breakage of the bond to the matrix. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Engberg, David L. J., 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Atom probe tomography field evaporation characteristics and compositional corrections of ZrB2
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microstructure of stoichiometric ZrB2.0 and B over-stoichiometric ZrB2.5 thin films has been studied using atom probe tomography (APT), X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Both films consist of columnar ZrB2 grains with AlB2-type crystal structure. The narrow stoichiometry range of ZrB2 results in the presence of separate disordered B-rich boundaries even in ZrB2.0. At higher average B content, specifically ZrB2.5, the formation of a continuous network around the sides of the ZrB2 columns is promoted. In addition, the APT field evaporation characteristics of ZrB2 and its influence on the measured local composition has been studied and compared to the average composition from elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). Differences in the measured average compositions of the two techniques are explained by the APT detector dead-time/space. A new pile-up pairs correction procedure based on co-evaporation correlation data was thus employed here for the APT data and compared with the 10B-method (the B equivalence of the 13C-method), as well as the combination of both methods. In ZrB2.0, all of the applied compositional correction methods were found to reduce the compositional difference when appropriate isotopic abundances were used. In ZrB2.5, the inhomogeneity of the film likely increased the local APT composition to such an extent that even conservative correction procedures overestimated the B content compared to the ERDA reference. The strengths of the pile-up pairs correction compared the 10B and the combined methods are higher precision, due to it being less dependent on the accuracy of estimated isotopic abundances, and that the correction itself is not dependent on careful background correction of the mass spectrum.
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| 18. |
- Esmaily, Mohsen, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural characterization of the Mg-Al alloy AM50 produced by a newly developed rheo-casting process
- 2014
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 95, s. 50-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The microstructure of rheo-cast Mg-Al alloy AM50 produced by the RheoMetal process is investigated and compared with the same alloy produced by conventional high pressure die casting. The size and arrangement of microstructural constituents and pores are characterized quantitatively using image analyzing techniques. The nearest neighbor distribution of the intermetallic particles is determined. The area fraction of porosity in rheo-cast AM50 is about half that found in the high pressure die cast alloy. In rheo-cast material, the distribution of p phase (Mg17Al12) is relatively uniform throughout the cast. In contrast, the beta phase particles tend to form macroscopic agglomerates in high pressure die cast material. The externally solidified grains in the rheo-cast material exhibit a smaller aluminum gradient than in the high pressure die cast alloy. This indicates that the solidification of the rheo-cast material is closer to equilibrium.
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| 19. |
- Fang, Xing, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure and mechanical properties of the laser welded air-hardening steel joint
- 2024
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decrease in mechanical properties of high-strength steel after welding is an important issue affecting the wide application of high-strength steel. Air-hardening steel is a high-strength steel suitable for lower body structural parts such as subframes. Its application process involves welding, hot forming and other processes. The present work investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of the air-hardening steel laser welded joint that is air-cooled after hot forming in the two-phase zone (800 °C). The microstructure was characterized by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that during hot forming, the welded joint transforms from martensite to ferrite and acicular martensite, and the base metal transforms from ferrite to polygonal martensite and ferrite. The difference in martensite morphology between the welded joint and the base metal is attributed to the nucleation positions of austenite. The structural evolution of the welded joint and the base metal is accompanied with the annihilation and reproduction of dislocations, which results in significant changes in hardness. The hardness value dropped from the highest 430 HV to 271 HV in the welded joint, while increased from the lowest 184 HV to 203 HV in the base metal. After hot forming, the tensile strength of the welded sample is reduced by only 36 MPa, and the total elongation is slightly decreased by about 1.5% compared with the unwelded sample. The welded joint and the base metal have similar plastic deformation capabilities, since the acicular martensite in the welded joint displays good plastic deformation ability, and the dislocation density of the welded joint and the base metal is similar. Overall, the microstructure and dislocation density of the air-hardening steel welded joint after hot forming are similar to those of the base metal, which is responsible for the good mechanical properties of air-hardening steel welded joint.
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| 20. |
- Fargas, G., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of cyclic thermal treatments on the oxidation behavior of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 145, s. 218-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo is one of the most common titanium alloys for aerospace industry. This alloy experiences oxidation phenomenon at elevated temperatures. In the present study, cyclic thermal treatments were performed in air at 500, 593 and 700 °C, up to 500 cycles, in order to determine the oxidation kinetics and to analyze the oxide scale and alpha-case formation. Moreover, results were compared to those achieved under isothermal conditions to elucidate differences between both thermal conditions. In this sense, metallographic techniques and X-ray diffraction, together with a detailed advanced characterization of the microstructure by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focus Ions Beam, were used to analyze surface oxidation evolution. Results pointed out that cyclic treatments induced a strong increase of the weight gain compared to isothermal treatments. The analysis of the oxide scale revealed the formation of not only rutile, as isothermal treatments, but also anatase. Thickness of the oxide scale was higher for cyclic conditions, while alpha case did not exceed values reached by isothermal treatments and even became lower at 500 °C.
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| 21. |
- Gaddam, Raghuveer, et al.
(författare)
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Oxidation and alpha–case formation in Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo alloy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 99, s. 166-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isothermal heat treatments in ambient air were performed on wrought Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo (Ti–6242) material at 500, 593 and 700 °C for times up to 500 hours. In presence of oxygen at elevated temperatures simultaneous reactions occurred in Ti–6242 alloy, which resulted in formation of an oxide scale and a layer with higher oxygen concentration (termed as alpha–case). Total weight gain analysis showed that there was a transition in the oxidation kinetics. At 500 °C, the oxidation kinetics obeyed cubic relationship up to 200 hours and thereafter changed to parabolic at prolonged exposure times. At 593 °C, it followed parabolic relationship. After heat treatment at 700 °C, the oxidation obeyed parabolic relationship up to 200 hours and thereafter changed to linear at prolonged exposure times. The observed transition is believed to be due to the differences observed in the oxide scale. The activation energy for parabolic oxidation was estimated to be 157 kJ/mol. In addition, alpha–case layer was evaluated using optical microscope, electron probe micro analyser and microhardness tester. The thickness of the alpha–case layer was found to be a function of temperature and time, increasing proportionally, and following parabolic relationship. The activation energy for formation of alpha–case layer was estimated to be 153 kJ/mol.
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| 22. |
- Gundgire, Tejas, 1994-, et al.
(författare)
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Response of different electron beam melting produced Alloy 718 microstructures to thermal post-treatments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier BV. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron beam melting (EBM) was used to produce Alloy 718 specimens with different microstructures (columnar, equiaxed and a combination thereof) by varying the process parameters. The present study aimed at assessing the response of such varying as-built microstructures to identical thermal post-treatments, which included hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) followed by heat treatment involving solution treatment and aging. The effect of these treatments on defect content, grain structure, hardness and phase constitution in the specimens was specifically analysed. Despite differences in defect content of as-built specimens with distinct microstructures, HIPing was effective in closing defects leading to samples exhibiting similar density. After HIPing, grains with equiaxed morphology or columnar grains with lower aspect ratio showed higher tendency for grain growth in comparison to the columnar grains with higher aspect ratio. The various factors affecting the stability of grains during HIPing of builds with distinct microstructures were investigated. These factors include texture, grain size, and secondary phase particles. The carbide sizes in the different as-built samples varied but were found to be largely unaffected by the post-treatments. Solution treatment following HIPing led to greater precipitation of grain boundary ÎŽ phase in regions with coarser grains than the smaller ones. After HIPing and heat treatment, all specimens exhibited similar precipitation of γ″ phase regardless of their grain morphology in the as-built condition. © 2020 The Author(s)
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| 23. |
- Gyhlesten Back, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Microstructure analysis of martensitic low alloy carbon steel samples subjected to deformation dilatometry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low alloy martensitic steels are commonly used in structural and wear resistant applications due to their excellent mechanical properties and abrasion resistance. Martensite phase is generally achieved by rapid cooling, and prior deformation in the austenite region also affects the martensite transformation. It is important to understand the martensite transformation when there is deformation above Ae3. Deformation and quenching simulations have been performed using dilatometry on a low alloy carbon steel. The aim was to determine the influence of deformation above Ae3 (prior deformation) on, firstly, the austenite grain size and shape, and secondly, the martensitic microstructure and variant selection. In addition, the hardness of the martensitic structure due to prior deformation has been investigated. The experimental results obtained from electron backscatter diffraction and microhardness tests on the deformation dilatometry test samples were analysed. The orientation relationship Kurdjumov-Sachs has been used to analyse the martensitic variants. The results revealed a deeper understanding of prior austenite grain structure's effect on the martensitic transformation kinetics and its morphology. The martensite laths' misorientation interval 15–48° were used to visualise the prior austenite grain size. The martensitic lath structure is more refined due to increased prior deformation. Shorter martensite formation time promotes a single dominating packet within the prior austenite grain.
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| 24. |
- Haack, Maximilian, et al.
(författare)
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Comprehensive study on the formation of grain boundary serrations in additively manufactured Haynes 230 alloy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, grain boundary serrations have been introduced in conventionally processed Haynes 230 through a slow-cooling heat treatment. The aim of this work was to utilize these heat treatments to introduce serrations in additively manufactured (Laser Metal Deposition) Haynes 230. Contrary to expectations, serrations already formed during the fast-cooling of the Laser Metal Deposition process. Electron Backscatter Diffraction was used to elucidate the underlying phenomenon for the emergence of serrations during fast-cooling. As a result, a hypothesis regarding a new mechanism responsible for the formation of grain boundary serrations was formulated. Additionally, specific characteristics of the Laser Metal Deposition process have been identified. This includes a columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) for slower feed rates, leading to smaller grains despite lower cooling rates; the observation of an abrupt increase in grain growth for a raised solution annealing temperature; the fact that serrations hinder uncontrolled grain growth and finally that the LMD-process leads to a finer carbide morphology compared to conventional manufacturing methods, potentially leading to an increased precipitation strengthening effect.
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| 25. |
- Hernando, Juan Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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The morphological evolution of primary austenite during isothermal coarsening
- 2017
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Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 131, s. 492-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The morphological evolution of primary austenite in an industrial hypoeutectic lamellar cast iron was studied under isothermal conditions for coarsening times varying from 0 min to 96 h. The dendritic austenite structure formed during the primary solidification suffered major morphological changes during the isothermal coarsening process. After a sufficient coarsening time, dendrite fragmentation, globularization, and coalescence of austenite were studied using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. This study confirmed that the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) is an inappropriate length scale to describe the primary austenite coarsening process for longer times. The application of shape independent quantitative parameters confirmed the reduction of the total interfacial area during microstructural coarsening. The modulus of the primary austenite, Mγ, which represents the volume-surface ratio for the austenite phase, and the spatial distribution of the austenite particles, measured as the nearest distance between the center of gravity of neighboring particles, Dγ, followed a linear relation with the cube root of coarsening time during the whole coarsening process. The mean curvature of the austenite interface, characterized through stereological relations, showed a linear relation to Mγ and Dγ, allowing the quantitative characterization and modeling of the complete coarsening process of primary austenite.
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