| 1. |
- Abrahamsson, Niclas
(författare)
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But first, let's think again!
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 21:5, s. 906-907
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- On the basis of their review of studies, Mayberry and Kluender (2017) propose that the human language learning ability becomes severely compromised if it is not developed in tandem with brain development in early childhood, but that it functions more or less flawlessly, even in adulthood, if language acquisition had at one time proceeded according to the maturational timetable. Mayberry and Kluender therefore suggest that the critical period hypothesis (CPH) for language is unambiguously tied to the timing of L1 acquisition, but that its relevance to L2 acquisition is less clear, the implication being that the well-documented AoA effects in the SLA literature are due to non-maturational (i.e., psychological, experiential, cross-linguistic, etc.) causes.
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| 2. |
- Alferink, Inge, et al.
(författare)
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French-Dutch bilinguals do not maintain obligatory semantic distinctions: Evidence from placement verbs
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 17:1, s. 22-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is often said that bilinguals are not the sum of two monolinguals but that bilingual systems represent a third pattern. This study explores the exact nature of this pattern. We ask whether there is evidence of a merged system when one language makes an obligatory distinction that the other one does not, namely in the case of placement verbs in French and Dutch, and whether such a merged system is realised as a more general or a more specific system. The results show that in elicited descriptions Belgian French-Dutch bilinguals drop one of the categories in one of the languages, resulting in a more general semantic system in comparison with the non-contact variety. They do not uphold the obligatory distinction in the verb nor elsewhere despite its communicative relevance. This raises important questions regarding how widespread these differences are and what drives these patterns.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Annika, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Language background affects online word order processing in a second language but not offline
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 22:4, s. 802-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines possible crosslinguistic influence on basic word order processing in a second language (L2). Targeting Swedish V2 word order we investigate adult German learners (+V2 in the L1) and English learners (-V2 in the L1) of Swedish who are matched for proficiency. We report results from two offline behavioural tasks (written production, metalinguistic judgments), and online processing as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs). All groups showed sensitivity to word order violations behaviourally and neurocognitively. Behaviourally, the learners differed from the native speakers only on judgements. Crucially, they did not differ from each other. Neurocognitively, all groups showed a similar increased centro-parietal P600 ERP-effect, but German learners (+V2) displayed more nativelike anterior ERP-effects than English learners (-V2). The results suggest crosslinguistic influence in that the presence of a similar word order in the L1 can facilitate online processing in an L2-- even if no offline behavioural effects are discerned.
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| 4. |
- Arbona, Eléonore, et al.
(författare)
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Semantically related gestures facilitate language comprehension during simultaneous interpreting
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 26:2, s. 425-439
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manual co-speech gestures can facilitate language comprehension, but do they influence language comprehension in simultaneous interpreters, and if so, is this influence modulated by simultaneous interpreting (SI) and/or by interpreting experience? In a picture-matching task, 24 professional interpreters and 24 professional translators were exposed to utterances accompanied by semantically matching representational gestures, semantically unrelated pragmatic gestures, or no gestures while viewing passively (interpreters and translators) or during SI (interpreters only). During passive viewing, both groups were faster with semantically related than with semantically unrelated gestures. During SI, interpreters showed the same result. The results suggest that language comprehension is sensitive to the semantic relationship between speech and gesture, and facilitated when speech and gestures are semantically linked. This sensitivity is not modulated by SI or interpreting experience. Thus, despite simultaneous interpreters’ extreme language use, multimodal language processing facilitates comprehension in SI the same way as in all other language processing.
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| 5. |
- Athanasopoulos, Panos, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive restructuring : Psychophysical measurement of time perception in bilinguals
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 26:4, s. 809-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the link between the metaphoric structure TIME IS SPACE and time perception in bilinguals. While there appear to be fundamental commonalities in the way humans perceive and experience time regardless of language background, language-specific spatiotemporal metaphors can give rise to differences between populations, under certain conditions. Little is known, however, about how bilinguals experience time, and the specific factors that may modulate bilingual temporal processing. Here, we address this gap by examining L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals in a psychophysical task. Results show that duration estimation of dynamic spatial configurations analogous to L2-specific temporal metaphors is modulated by L2 proficiency. In contrast, duration estimation of spatial configurations analogous to the L1 metaphorical expressions appears to be modulated by the age of L2 acquisition. These findings are discussed in terms of associative learning and cognitive restructuring in the bilingual mind.
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| 6. |
- Berghoff, Robyn, et al.
(författare)
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Structural priming of code-switches in non-shared-word-order utterances : The effect of lexical repetition
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 26:4, s. 670-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Code-switching is generally dispreferred at points of non-shared word order across a bilingual’s two languages. In priming studies, this dispreference persists even following exposure to a code-switched non-shared-word-order utterance. The present study delves deeper into the scope of code-switching priming by investigating whether lexical repetition across target and prime, a factor known to boost structural priming, can increase code-switching at points of word order divergence. Afrikaans–English bilinguals (n=46) heard prime sentences in which word order, lexical repetition, and switch position were manipulated and subsequently produced code-switched picture descriptions. The results show that lexical repetition boosts the priming of code-switching in a non-shared word order. The findings demonstrate that code-switching in production is affected by a dynamic interplay between factors both language-internal (i.e., word order) and language-external (i.e., priming, and specifically lexical repetition).
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| 7. |
- Bernardini, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Growing syntactic structure and code-mixing in the weaker language: The Ivy Hypothesis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 7:1, s. 49-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a hypothesis for a specific kind of code-mixing in young bilingual children, during the development of their two first languages, one of which is considerably weaker than the other. Our hypothesis, which we label the Ivy Hypothesis, is that, in the interaction meant to be in the weaker language, the child uses portions of higher syntactic structure lexically instantiated in the stronger language combined with lower portions in the weaker language. Code-mixing patterns were studied in five Swedish-French/Italian children aged 2-4. The parts of the code-mixed utterances reflected as much syntactic structure of each language as was used in monolingual utterances in the same recording of each child. This uneven development, which is due to different amounts of input of the two languages, can be accounted for by assuming that syntactic structure is acquired by building each language from the bottom up through lexical learning.
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| 8. |
- BERNARDINI, PETRA
(författare)
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Weak interest in the weaker language
- 2017
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 20:1, s. 29-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carroll's paper (Carroll) is most welcomed and shows that the weaker language is still to be explored from various points of views. Over twenty years after the publication of Schlyter's paper, “The weaker language in bilingual Swedish-French children”, not only is the topic of the weaker language of simultaneous bilinguals still a clearly under-researched area, but it is also, as Carroll shows, a crucial domain of research in the discussion of properties and constraints of the human Language Making Capacity (LMC).
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| 9. |
- Brown, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in event conceptualization? Expressions of Path among Japanese learners of English
- 2011
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 14:1, s. 79-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typological differences in expressions of motion are argued to have consequences for event conceptualization. In SLA, studies generally find transfer of L1 expressions and accompanying event construals, suggesting resistance to the restructuring of event conceptualization. The current study tackles such restructuring in SLA within the context of bidirectional cross-linguistic influence, focusing on expressions of Path in English and Japanese. We probe the effects of lexicalization patterns on event construal by focusing on different Path components: Source, Via and Goal. Crucially, we compare the same speakers performing both in the L1 and L2 to ascertain whether the languages influence each other. We argue for the potential for restructuring, even at modest levels of L2 proficiency, by showing that not only do L1 patterns shape construal in the L2, but that L2 patterns may subtly and simultaneously broaden construal in the L1 within an individual learner.
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| 10. |
- Brown, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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L1-L2 convergence in clausal packaging in Japanese and English
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 16:3, s. 477-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates L1-L2 convergence among bilinguals at an intermediate (CEFR-B2) level of L2 proficiency, focusing on the clausal packaging of Manner and Path of motion. Previous research has shown that Japanese speakers use multi-clause and English speakers single-clause constructions (Allen et al., 2003; Kita & Özyürek, 2003). We compared descriptions of motion from monolingual English and Japanese speakers to L1 and L2 descriptions from Japanese speakers of English as a second (ESL) and foreign (EFL) language. Contrary to previous research, results showed no significant difference between the monolinguals, who predominately used single-clause constructions packaging Manner and Path. However, bilinguals used significantly more multi-clause constructions in both their L1 and L2, with no effects of residence in the L2 community. Following Pavlenko (2011a), findings are interpreted as evidence for L1-L2 convergence. We discuss potential bidirectional cross-linguistic influences underpinning the L1-L2 convergence and implications for the restructuring of bilingual grammars.
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| 11. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Age of acquisition – not bilingualism – is the primary determinant of less than nativelike L2 ultimate attainment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 24:1, s. 18-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has recently been suggested that bilingualism, rather than age of acquisition, is what underlies less than nativelike attainment in childhood L2 acquisition. Currently, however, the empirical evidence in favor of or against this interpretation remains scarce. The present study sets out to fill this gap, implementing a novel factorial design in which the variables age of acquisition and bilingualism have been fully crossed. Eighty speakers of Swedish, who were either L1 monolinguals, L1 simultaneous bilinguals, L2 sequential monolinguals (international adoptees), or L2 sequential bilinguals (childhood immigrants), were tested on phonetic, grammatical, and lexical measures. The results indicate consistent effects of age of acquisition, but only limited effects of bilingualism, on ultimate attainment. These findings thus show that age of acquisition – not bilingualism – is the primary determinant of L2 ultimate attainment.
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| 12. |
- Bylund, Emanuel
(författare)
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Effects of age of L2 acquisition on L1 event conceptualization patterns
- 2009
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 12:3, s. 305-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the effects that the age of onset (AO) of second language (L2) acquisition exerts on the attrition of first language (L1) event conceptualization patterns. The subjects studied are L1 Spanish–L2 Swedish bilinguals living in Sweden. The specific research questions addressed in the study concern the role of AO in endpoint encoding and temporal perspectivation in goal-oriented motion events. In view of previous findings on age effects in attrition, it is hypothesized that deviations from Spanish monolingual patterns of conceptualization would be limited basically to subjects whose AO is below 12 years of age. The analyses show that subjects with AO > 12 converge with Spanish monolingual controls on both endpoint encoding and temporal perspectivation strategies, whereas deviations from the controls' performance are found exclusively in subjects with AO < 12. It is suggested, in view of these findings, that subjects with early AO are more dependent on advantageous socio-psychological circumstances such as L1 contact and use in order to fully acquire/maintain Spanish event conceptualization patterns, while L1 maintenance in subjects with late AO is less dependent on these factors. It is concluded that patterns of event conceptualization are affected by age in the same way as formal language skills.
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| 13. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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L2 effects on L1 event conceptualization patterns
- 2011
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 14:1, s. 47-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The finding that speakers of aspect languages encode event endpoints to a lesser extent than do speakers of non-aspect languages has led to the hypothesis that there is a relationship between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization (e.g., von Stutterheim and Nüse, 2003). The present study concerns L1 event conceptualization in 40 L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals (all near-native speakers of Swedish). Spanish and Swedish differ as regards grammatical aspect: Whereas Swedish lacks this grammatical category, Spanish conveys aspect through verbal morphology and periphrasis. The principal aim of the study was to explore the relationship between event conceptualization patterns and proficiency with aspectual contrasts. The participants were asked to provide oral L1 Spanish descriptions of video clips projecting motion events with different degrees of endpoint orientation (see von Stutterheim, 2003). In addition, they took a grammaticality judgment test concerning verb and gender agreement, verbal clitics and aspectual contrasts. Compared with baseline data from monolingual Spanish speakers, the results on endpoint encoding show that the bilinguals mention the endpoints of motion events to a higher degree than the Spanish control group does. Moreover, it was shown that the weaker the bilinguals’ discrimination of aspectual errors on the grammaticality judgement test, the more prone they were to encoding endpoints. This result consequently furthers the hypothesis about the interconnectedness between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization. It was suggested that this finding indicate that the bilinguals are influenced by the Swedish-like tendency to attend to the boundedness rather than the ongoingness of events.
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| 14. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Language and thought in a multilingual context : The case of isiXhosa
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 17:2, s. 431-441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Situated within the grammatical aspect approach to motion event cognition, this study takes a first step in investigating language and thought in functional multilinguals by studying L1 isiXhosa speakers living in South Africa. IsiXhosa being a non-aspect language, the study investigates how the knowledge and use of additional languages with grammatical aspect influence cognition of endpoint-oriented motion events among L1 isiXhosa speakers. Results from a triads-matching task show that participants who often used aspect languages and had greater exposure to English in primary education were less prone to rely on endpoints when categorising motion events.
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| 15. |
- Champoux-Larsson, Marie-France, et al.
(författare)
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A prosodic bias, not an advantage, in bilinguals' interpretation of emotional prosody
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 22:2, s. 416-424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A bilingual advantage has been found in prosody understanding in pre-school children. To understand this advantage better, we asked 73 children (6-8 years) to identify the emotional valence of spoken words, based on either semantics or emotional prosody (which were either consistent or discrepant with each other). Bilingual experience ranged from no to equal exposure to and use of two languages. Both age and bilingual experience predicted accurate identification of prosody, particularly for trials where the semantics were discrepant with the targeted prosody. Bilingual experience, but not age, predicted a prosodic bias, meaning that participants had more difficulty ignoring the irrelevant discrepant prosody when the task was to identify the semantics of the word. The decline of a semantic bias was predicted by age and bilingual experience together. Our results suggest that previous findings on the bilingual advantage in prosody processing may in fact be driven by a prosodic bias.
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| 16. |
- Champoux-Larsson, Marie-France, et al.
(författare)
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How first- and second-language emotion words influence emotion perception in Swedish–English bilinguals
- 2024
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotional experiences are often dulled in one's second language. We tested whether emotion concepts are more strongly associated with first language (L1) than second language (L2) emotion words. Participants (140 L1-Swedish–L2-English bilinguals) saw a facial expression of an emotion (cue) followed by a target, which could either be another facial expression, an L1 emotion word, or an L2 emotion word. Participants indicated whether the cue and target represented the same or different emotions as fast as possible. Participants were faster and more accurate in both the L1 and L2 word conditions compared to the face condition. However, no significant differences emerged between the L1 and L2 word conditions, suggesting that emotion concepts are not more strongly associated with L1 than L2 emotion words. These results replicate prior research showing that L1 emotion words speed facial emotion perception and provide initial evidence that words (not only first language words) shape emotion perception.
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| 17. |
- Falk, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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The role of L1 explicit metalinguistic knowledge in L3 oral production at the initial state
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 18:2, s. 227-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we explore the role of explicit metalinguistic knowledge (MLK) of first language (L1) in the learning of a third language (L3). We compare the oral production of 40 participants with varying degrees of explicit MLK of the L1, who are exposed to a completely new L3. In accordance with the second language (L2) status factor, which is further motivated by the distinction between implicit competence and explicit knowledge (Bardel & Falk, 2012; Paradis, 2009), we hypothesize that the participants with low explicit MLK in their L1 will transfer from their L2, and that the participants with high explicit MLK in the L1 will transfer from their L1. The structure of interest is adjective placement, which is the same in the L1 and the L3 (but not in the participants' L2s). The results show that the degree of explicit MLK in the L1 plays a decisive role at the initial state of L3 learning.
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| 18. |
- Gosselke Berthelsen, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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Phonological transfer effects in novice learners : A learner's brain detects grammar errors only if the language sounds familiar
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289. ; 24:4, s. 656-669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many aspects of a new language, including grammar rules, can be acquired and accessed within minutes. In the present study, we investigate how initial learners respond when the rules of a novel language are not adhered to. Through spoken word-picture association-learning, tonal and non-tonal speakers were taught artificial words. Along with lexicosemantic content expressed by consonants, the words contained grammatical properties embedded in vowels and tones. Pictures that were mismatched with any of the words' phonological cues elicited an N400 in tonal learners. Non-tonal learners only produced an N400 when the mismatch was based on a word's vowel or consonants, not the tone. The emergence of the N400 might indicate that error processing in L2 learners (unlike canonical processing) does not initially differentiate between grammar and semantics. Importantly, only errors based on familiar phonological cues evoked a mismatch-related response, highlighting the importance of phonological transfer in initial second language acquisition.
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| 19. |
- Granfeldt, Jonas
(författare)
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The acquisition of the Determiner Phrase in Bilingual and Second Language French
- 2000
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 3:3, s. 263-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study deals with the acquisition of Functional Categories in the French Determiner Phrase. The development of determiners and prenominal adjectives in three bilingual Swedish–French children is compared with that of four Swedish second language learners of French. It is argued that acquisition is crucially different in these two cases. The bilingual children initially have restrictions on phrase structure, resulting at one stage in a complementary distribution of determiners and adjectives. These results support a structure building view of L1 acquisition. For L2 acquisition of the same structure, there is no evidence for an initially reduced phrase structure. This finding is explained in terms of a transfer effect. A preliminary comparison with the acquisition of finiteness suggests that, whereas there is some correlation over time in the L1B subjects, no such correlation is found in the L2 learners.
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| 20. |
- Granfeldt, Jonas
(författare)
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The development of gender in simultaneous and successive bilingual acquisition of French : Evidence for AOA and input effects
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. - 1366-7289. ; 21:4, s. 674-693
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effects of Age of Onset of Acquisition (AOA) and the quality and quantity of input on the longitudinal development of gender in the acquisition of French by simultaneous (2L1) and successive bilinguals (cL2). Three exponents of French gender are studied: the discovery of the abstract GENDER feature, gender assignment and gender concord. The findings show that the amount and quality of input correlate with the rate of acquisition of gender attribution, but most clearly in the 2L1 group. With respect to gender concord, group-level analyses suggest that input is less important than AOA. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on the development of other morphosyntactic structures in the same children. We conclude that a combination of AOA, the L1 acquistional timetable, linguistic properties of the target structure and input are all crucial aspects for a complete understanding of linguistic development in bilingual children.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Dominant-language replacement. The case of international adoptees
- 2009
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 12:2, s. 121-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article challenges a recent proposal for the theoretical interpretation of L1 and L2 interaction that results from the abrupt change of language environment in internationally adopted children. According to this proposal (Pallier, Dehaene, Poline, LeBihan, Argenti, Depoux and Mehler, 2003; Ventureyra, Pallier and Yoo, 2004), such children experience a total loss of their L1, while, as adults, they exhibit a nativelike ultimate attainment of their L2. These authors suggest that what they see as a total loss of L1 allows a resetting of the neural network that normally subserves L1 retention and hence permits a complete acquisition of the L2. Data from two of our own research projects, one on L1 remnants in Korean adoptees in Sweden (see Park, forthcoming), and the other on age of acquisition and ultimate L2 attainment of Swedish (see Abrahamsson and Hyltenstam, in press), which included data from Latin American adoptees in Sweden among other participants, suggest (i) that L1 remnants are indeed maintained, (ii) that L2 attainment is not enhanced by severe L1 attrition, and (iii) that there is an age dimension to both the degree of L1 attrition and the level of L2 ultimate attainment in international adoptees. We therefore contend that a maturational interpretation of language replacement data is preferable.
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| 25. |
- Hyltenstam, Kenneth, 1945-
(författare)
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Second language ultimate attainment : Effects of maturation, exercise, and social/psychological factors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 21:5, s. 921-923
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mayberry and Kluender (2017) offer a rich review of empirical research that contributes to the understanding of age-related effects on first and second language acquisition. Their keynote article compiles current, primarily linguistic and neurolinguistic, research on the notion of a critical period for language (CPL). The authors conclude “that the putative CPL applies to L1 learning, and that L2 effects are a consequence of this prior learning” (Mayberry & Kluender, 2017: p. 6). As they propose a clear role for CPL in L1 learning, and because their exact position on its role in L2 learning is, to my mind, not as clearly articulated, I will take the opportunity to argue the following: If a CPL exists at all, it should have identifiable implications for all kinds of language acquisition (cf. Gleitman & Newport, 1995). In the case of L2 acquisition what needs to be identified is how maturational constraints (implicated by a CPL) interact with other conditions that are at hand when the second language comes onto the scene.
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