| 1. |
- Bengtson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid turnover of DOC in temperate forests accounts for increased CO2 production at elevated temperatures
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 10:9, s. 783-790
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The evidence for the contribution of soil warming to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and carbon stocks of temperate forest ecosystems is equivocal. Here, we use data from a beech/oak forest on concentrations and stable isotope ratios of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), phosphate buffer-extractable organic carbon, soil organic carbon (SOC), respiration and microbial gross assimilation of N to show that respired soil carbon originated from DOC. However, the respiration was not dependent on the DOC concentration but exceeded the daily DOC pool three to four times, suggesting that DOC was turned over several times per day. A mass flow model helped to calculate that a maximum of 40% of the daily DOC production was derived from SOC and to demonstrate that degradation of SOC is limiting respiration of DOC. The carbon flow model on SOC, DOC, microbial C mobilization/immobilization and respiration is linked by temperature-dependent microbial and enzyme activity to global warming effects Of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere.
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| 2. |
- Berggren, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Lake secondary production fueled by rapid transfer of low molecular weight organic carbon from terrestrial sources to aquatic consumers
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 13:7, s. 870-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>Carbon of terrestrial origin often makes up a significant share of consumer biomass in unproductive lake ecosystems. However, the mechanisms for terrestrial support of lake secondary production are largely unclear. By using a modelling approach, we show that terrestrial export of dissolved labile low molecular weight carbon (LMWC) compounds supported 80% (34-95%), 54% (19-90%) and 23% (7-45%) of the secondary production by bacteria, protozoa and metazoa, respectively, in a 7-km2 boreal lake (conservative to liberal estimates in brackets). Bacterial growth on LMWC was of similar magnitude as that of primary production (PP), and grazing on bacteria effectively channelled the LMWC carbon to higher trophic levels. We suggest that rapid turnover of forest LMWC pools enables continuous export of fresh photosynthates and other labile metabolites to aquatic systems, and that substantial transfer of LMWC from terrestrial sources to lake consumers can occur within a few days. Sequestration of LMWC of terrestrial origin, thus, helps explain high shares of terrestrial carbon in lake organisms and implies that lake food webs can be closely dependent on recent terrestrial PP.
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| 3. |
- Hansson, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Heritability of dispersal in the great reed warbler
- 2003
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 6:4, s. 290-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dispersal is commonly considered to be a condition-dependent behaviour with no or low heritability. Here, we show that dispersal in the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus ) has a high heritability. Analyses of capture-recapture data of male great reed warblers gathered from the species' whole Swedish breeding range revealed a remarkable offspring-parent resemblance in dispersal behaviour (philopatry vs. inter-population dispersal). Also, the degree of dispersal differed between cohorts, which shows that dispersal was partly conditionally dependent. The offspring to mid-parent estimate of heritability was 0.50. In a previous study of the same data set of male offspring, we did not detect associations between dispersal and several relevant environmental, parental and offspring condition factors. Thus, our results indicate that variation in dispersal partly has a genetic basis in great reed warblers.
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| 4. |
- Järemo, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Flee or fight uncertainty : Plant strategies in relation to anticipated damage
- 1999
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 2:6, s. 361-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to cope with damage, plants have evolved a number of strategies. We incorporate two of those strategies, compensatory regrowth and escaping damage in time, into a mathematical model in an attempt to outline under what circumstances one or the other of these phenotypic traits will evolve. Escaping damage in time is accomplished by flowering and setting seeds at a point of time when the risk of damage is low, whereas a compensatory capacity is made possible by activating a proportion of meristems that are left dormant. Our analysis suggests that damage that is predictable in time will favour phenotypes that flower late in the season and that have a good compensatory capacity. As damage becomes less predictable in time, a strategy that implies flowering as early as possible in the season and with no compensatory capacity at all, becomes advantageous.
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| 5. |
- Lundberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial population dynamics and the design of marine reserves
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 2:3, s. 129-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The failure of many fisheries world-wide, and the concern about marine biodiversity, has sparked a growing interest in the spatial aspects of harvested populations. If a population conforms to the Ideal Free Distribution and that one of the habitats is set aside as a reserve free from harvesting, the design of reserves may be problematic. If a substantial proportion of the unharvested population is to be preserved, then the reserve area must be unrealistically large, or have a much higher expected fitness than the unprotected area. Interestingly, the optimal harvest rate will be unaffected by both the size of the reserve and the quality of it relative to the harvested area. Even if the Ideal Free Distribution model is extended to include simple age-structure and "spillover" of recruits from the reserve, these conclusions largely remain intact. In a model that also includes spillover, the habitat quality of the reserve may also affect the catch.
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| 6. |
- Lundberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Species loss leads to community closure
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 3:6, s. 465-468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global extinction of a species is sadly irreversible. At a local scale, however, extinctions may be followed by re-invasion. We here show that this is not necessarily the case and that an ecological community may close its doors for re-invasion of species lost from it. Previous studies of how communities are assembled have shown that there may be rules for that process and that limitations are set to the order by which species are introduced and put together. Instead of focusing on the assembly process we randomly generated simple competitive model communities that were stable and allowed for two to 10 coexisting species. When a randomly selected single species was removed from the community, the cascading species loss was recorded and frequently the resulting community was more than halved. Cascading extinctions have previously been recorded, but we here show that the relative magnitude of the cascade is dependent on community size land not only trophic structure) and that the reintroduction of the original species lost often is impossible. Hence, species loss does not simply leave a void potentially refilled, bur: permanently alters the entire community structure and consequently the adaptive landscape for potential re-invaders.
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Pål Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Tracking carbon from the atmosphere to the rhizosphere
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 8:12, s. 1264-1270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Turnover rates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may influence storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). We examined the longevity of AM hyphae in monoxenic cultures; and we also used C-13 incorporation into signature fatty acids to study C dynamics in a mycorrhizal symbiosis involving Glomus intraradices and Plantago lanceolata. C-13 enrichment of signature fatty acids showed rapid transfer of plant assimilates to AM fungi and a gradual release of C from roots to rhizosphere bacteria, but at a much slower rate. Furthermore, most C assimilated by AM fungi remained 32 days after labelling. These findings indicate that C-13 labelled fatty acids can be used to track C flux from the atmosphere to the rhizosphere and that retention of C in AM fungal mycelium may contribute significantly to SOC.
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| 8. |
- Perez-Tris, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Dispersal increases local transmission of avian malarial parasites
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 8:8, s. 838-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationships between dispersal and local transmission rate of parasites are essential to understanding host-parasite coevolution and the emergence and spread of novel disease threats. Here we show that year-round transmission, as opposed to summer transmission, has repeatedly evolved in malarial parasites (genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) of a migratory bird. Year-round transmission allows parasites to spread in sympatric host's wintering areas, and hence to colonize distantly located host's breeding areas connected by host-migration movements. Widespread parasites had higher local prevalence, revealing increased transmission, than geographically restricted parasites. Our results show a positive relationship between dispersal and local transmission of malarial parasites that is apparently mediated by frequent evolutionary changes in parasite transmission dynamics, which has important implications for the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases.
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| 9. |
- Ripa, Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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Linear analysis solves two puzzles in population dynamics : the route to extinction and extinction in coloured environments
- 1999
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 2:4, s. 219-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we give simple explanations to two unsolved puzzles that have emerged in recent theoretical studies in population dynamics. First, the tendency of some model populations to go extinct from high population densities, and second, the positive effect of autocorrelated environments on extinction risks for some model populations. Both phenomena are given general explanations by simple, linear, stochastic models. We emphasize the predictive and explanatory power of such models.
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| 10. |
- Råberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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The cost of an immune response: vaccination reduces parental effort
- 2000
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 3:5, s. 382-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fundamental assumption of theories of the ecology and evolution of inducible defences is that protective responses to attacks by parasites or predators should not only have benefits, but also costs. The vertebrate immune system is by far the best studied example of an inducible defence, yet little is known about the costs of an immune response, especially in natural populations. To test: if an immune response per se is costly, we induced an antibody response in female blue tits, Parus caeruleus, by immunising them with human diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, and compared their nestling-feeding rate with that of saline-injected controls. We found that vaccinated females reduced their nestling feeding rate, thus demonstrating a cost of the immune response in the currency of parental effort.
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| 11. |
- Williams, C K, et al.
(författare)
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The collapse of cycles in the dynamics of North American grouse populations
- 2004
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 7:12, s. 1135-1142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclic dynamics of bird and mammal populations are commonly reported in northern latitudes throughout the world, and recent European observations on rodents and grouse suggest that cycle periods decline towards southern latitudes. To investigate latitudinal patterns of cyclic dynamics in North America, we assembled 27 long-term data sets collected between 1939 and 2001 for three grouse species. By fitting the data with autoregressive models to measure direct and delayed density dependence, we show that, in contrast to European studies, North American grouse exhibit period increases from north to south, with cycles collapsing via period lengthening. This occurs because delayed density dependence decreases in southern latitudes, whereas direct density dependence increases. These results show that cyclic dynamics can dissipate by period lengthening as well as the period shortening postulated for European grouse and rodents.
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| 12. |
- Wilson, W G, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity and species interactions: extending Lotka-Volterra community theory
- 2003
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 6:10, s. 944-952
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new analysis of the nearly century-old Lotka-Volterra theory allows us to link species interactions to biodiversity patterns, including: species abundance distributions, estimates of total community size, patterns of community invasibility, and predicted responses to disturbance. Based on a few restrictive assumptions about species interactions, our calculations require only that the community is sufficiently large to allow a mean-field approximation. We develop this analysis to show how an initial assemblage of species with varying interaction strengths is predicted to sort out into the final community based on the species' predicted target densities. The sorting process yields predictions of covarying patterns of species abundance, community size, and species interaction strengths. These predictions can be tested using enrichment experiments, examination of latitudinal and productivity gradients, and features of community assembly.
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| 13. |
- Östman, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Regional invariance among microbial communities
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 13:1, s. 118-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial ecology has focused much on causes of between-site variation in community composition. By analysing five data-sets each of aquatic bacteria and phytoplankton, we demonstrated that microbial communities show a large degree of similarity in community composition and that abundant taxa were widespread, a typical pattern for many metazoan metacommunities. The regional abundance of taxa explained on average 85 and 41% of variation in detection frequency and 58 and 31% of variation in local abundances for bacteria and phytoplankton, respectively. However, regional abundance explained less variation in local abundances with increasing environmental variation between sites within data-sets. These findings indicate that the studies of microbial assemblages need to consider similarities between communities to better understand the processes underlying the assembly of microbial communities. Finally, we propose that the degree of regional invariance can be linked to the evolution of microbes and the variation in ecosystem functions performed by microbial communities.
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| 14. |
- Bommarco, Riccardo
(författare)
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Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14, s. 1062-1072
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable agricultural landscapes by definition provide high magnitude and stability of ecosystem services, biodiversity and crop productivity. However, few studies have considered landscape effects on the stability of ecosystem services. We tested whether isolation from florally diverse natural and semi-natural areas reduces the spatial and temporal stability of flower-visitor richness and pollination services in crop fields. We synthesised data from 29 studies with contrasting biomes, crop species and pollinator communities. Stability of flower-visitor richness, visitation rate (all insects except honey bees) and fruit set all decreased with distance from natural areas. At 1 km from adjacent natural areas, spatial stability decreased by 25, 16 and 9% for richness, visitation and fruit set, respectively, while temporal stability decreased by 39% for richness and 13% for visitation. Mean richness, visitation and fruit set also decreased with isolation, by 34, 27 and 16% at 1 km respectively. In contrast, honey bee visitation did not change with isolation and represented > 25% of crop visits in 21 studies. Therefore, wild pollinators are relevant for crop productivity and stability even when honey bees are abundant. Policies to preserve and restore natural areas in agricultural landscapes should enhance levels and reliability of pollination services.
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| 15. |
- Crone, Elizabeth E., et al.
(författare)
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How do plant ecologists use matrix population models?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>Matrix projection models are among the most widely used tools in plant ecology. However, the way in which plant ecologists use and interpret these models differs from the way in which they are presented in the broader academic literature. In contrast to calls from earlier reviews, most studies of plant populations are based on < 5 matrices and present simple metrics such as deterministic population growth rates. However, plant ecologists also cautioned against literal interpretation of model predictions. Although academic studies have emphasized testing quantitative model predictions, such forecasts are not the way in which plant ecologists find matrix models to be most useful. Improving forecasting ability would necessitate increased model complexity and longer studies. Therefore, in addition to longer term studies with better links to environmental drivers, priorities for research include critically evaluating relative/comparative uses of matrix models and asking how we can use many short-term studies to understand long-term population dynamics.
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| 16. |
- Englund, Göran, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature dependence of the functional response
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:9, s. 914-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arrhenius equation has emerged as the favoured model for describing the temperature dependence of consumption in predator-prey models. To examine the relevance of this equation, we undertook a meta-analysis of published relationships between functional response parameters and temperature. We show that, when plotted in lin-log space, temperature dependence of both attack rate and maximal ingestion rate exhibits a hump-shaped relationship and not a linear one as predicted by the Arrhenius equation. The relationship remains significantly downward concave even when data from temperatures above the peak of the hump are discarded. Temperature dependence is stronger for attack rate than for maximal ingestion rate, but the thermal optima are not different. We conclude that the use of the Arrhenius equation to describe consumption in predator-prey models requires the assumption that temperatures above thermal optima are unimportant for population and community dynamics, an assumption that is untenable given the available data.
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| 17. |
- Graham, Nicholas A. J., et al.
(författare)
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Extinction vulnerability of coral reef fishes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:4, s. 341-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>With rapidly increasing rates of contemporary extinction, predicting extinction vulnerability and identifying how multiple stressors drive non-random species loss have become key challenges in ecology. These assessments are crucial for avoiding the loss of key functional groups that sustain ecosystem processes and services. We developed a novel predictive framework of species extinction vulnerability and applied it to coral reef fishes. Although relatively few coral reef fishes are at risk of global extinction from climate disturbances, a negative convex relationship between fish species locally vulnerable to climate change vs. fisheries exploitation indicates that the entire community is vulnerable on the many reefs where both stressors co-occur. Fishes involved in maintaining key ecosystem functions are more at risk from fishing than climate disturbances. This finding is encouraging as local and regional commitment to fisheries management action can maintain reef ecosystem functions pending progress towards the more complex global problem of stabilizing the climate.
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| 18. |
- Hunsicker, Mary E., et al.
(författare)
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Functional responses and scaling in predator-prey interactions of marine fishes : contemporary issues and emerging concepts
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:12, s. 1288-1299
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predatorprey interactions are a primary structuring force vital to the resilience of marine communities and sustainability of the worlds oceans. Human influences on marine ecosystems mediate changes in species interactions. This generality is evinced by the cascading effects of overharvesting top predators on the structure and function of marine ecosystems. It follows that ecological forecasting, ecosystem management, and marine spatial planning require a better understanding of food web relationships. Characterising and scaling predatorprey interactions for use in tactical and strategic tools (i.e. multi-species management and ecosystem models) are paramount in this effort. Here, we explore what issues are involved and must be considered to advance the use of predatorprey theory in the context of marine fisheries science. We address pertinent contemporary ecological issues including (1) the approaches and complexities of evaluating predator responses in marine systems; (2) the scaling up of predatorprey interactions to the population, community, and ecosystem level; (3) the role of predatorprey theory in contemporary fisheries and ecosystem modelling approaches; and (4) directions for the future. Our intent is to point out needed research directions that will improve our understanding of predatorprey interactions in the context of the sustainable marine fisheries and ecosystem management.
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| 19. |
- Krauss, J, et al.
(författare)
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Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 13:5, s. 597-605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intensification or abandonment of agricultural land use has led to a severe decline of semi-natural habitats across Europe. This can cause immediate loss of species but also time-delayed extinctions, known as the extinction debt. In a pan-European study of 147 fragmented grassland remnants, we found differences in the extinction debt of species from different trophic levels. Present-day species richness of long-lived vascular plant specialists was better explained by past than current landscape patterns, indicating an extinction debt. In contrast, short-lived butterfly specialists showed no evidence for an extinction debt at a time scale of c. 40 years. Our results indicate that management strategies maintaining the status quo of fragmented habitats are insufficient, as time- delayed extinctions and associated co-extinctions will lead to further biodiversity loss in the future.
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| 20. |
- Matthews, Blake, et al.
(författare)
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Toward an integration of evolutionary biology and ecosystem science
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:7, s. 690-701
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- At present, the disciplines of evolutionary biology and ecosystem science are weakly integrated. As a result, we have a poor understanding of how the ecological and evolutionary processes that create, maintain, and change biological diversity affect the flux of energy and materials in global biogeochemical cycles. The goal of this article was to review several research fields at the interfaces between ecosystem science, community ecology and evolutionary biology, and suggest new ways to integrate evolutionary biology and ecosystem science. In particular, we focus on how phenotypic evolution by natural selection can influence ecosystem functions by affecting processes at the environmental, population and community scale of ecosystem organization. We develop an eco-evolutionary model to illustrate linkages between evolutionary change (e. g. phenotypic evolution of producer), ecological interactions (e. g. consumer grazing) and ecosystem processes (e. g. nutrient cycling). We conclude by proposing experiments to test the ecosystem consequences of evolutionary changes.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Rice, Amber M., et al.
(författare)
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A guide to the genomics of ecological speciation in natural animal populations
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 14:1, s. 9-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interest in ecological speciation is growing, as evidence accumulates showing that natural selection can lead to rapid divergence between subpopulations. However, whether and how ecological divergence can lead to the buildup of reproductive isolation remains under debate. What is the relative importance of natural selection vs. neutral processes? How does adaptation generate reproductive isolation? Can ecological speciation occur despite homogenizing gene flow? These questions can be addressed using genomic approaches, and with the rapid development of genomic technology, will become more answerable in studies of wild populations than ever before. In this article, we identify open questions in ecological speciation theory and suggest useful genomic methods for addressing these questions in natural animal populations. We aim to provide a practical guide for ecologists interested in incorporating genomic methods into their research programs. An increased integration between ecological research and genomics has the potential to shed novel light on the origin of species.
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| 23. |
- Arvanitis, Leena, et al.
(författare)
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Novel antagonistic interactions associated with plant polyploidization influence trait selection and habitat preference.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 13:3, s. 330-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polyploidization is an important mechanism for sympatric speciation in plants. Still, we know little about whether plant polyploidization leads to insect host shifts, and if novel interactions influence habitat and trait selection in plants. We investigated herbivory by the flower bud gall-forming midge Dasineura cardaminis on tetraploids and octoploids of the herb Cardamine pratensis. Gall midges attacked only octoploid plant populations, and a transplantation experiment confirmed this preference. Attack rates were higher in populations that were shaded, highly connected or occurred along stream margins. Within populations, late-flowering individuals with many flowers were most attacked. Galling reduced seed production and significantly influenced phenotypic selection on flower number. Our results suggest that an increase in ploidy may lead to insect host shifts and that plant ploidy explains insect host use. In newly formed plant polyploids, novel interactions may alter habitat preferences and trait selection, and influence the further evolution of cytotypes.
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| 24. |
- Bennett, Elena M., et al.
(författare)
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Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 12:12, s. 1394-1404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.
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| 25. |
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