| 1. |
- Nilsson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Bi-stable and dynamic current modulation in electrochemical organic transistors
- 2002
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 14:1, s. 51-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novel electrochemical transistors, based on the conductive polymer PEDOT, operating at driving voltages of only a few volts in bulk material, and with little demand on substrate planarity, are described by the authors. The underlying polymer ion pair PEDOT:PSS is conductive in both oxidized and reduced state. Two transistor architectures, a bi-stable and a dynamic transistor (the first electrochemical specimen of its kind) with an on/off ratio of 105 and 200 Hz modulation speed, were realized.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Active Matrix Displays Based on All-Organic Electrochemical Smart Pixels Printed on Paper
- 2002
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 14:20, s. 1460-1464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An organic electronic paper display technology (see Figure and also inside front cover) is presented. The electrochromic display cell together with the addressing electrochemical transistor form simple smart pixels that are included in matrix displays, which are achieved on coated cellulose-based paper using printing techniques. The ion-electronic technology presented offers an opportunity to extend existing use of ordinary paper.
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| 3. |
- Fullham, S, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Nanotube Templated Self-Assembly and Thermal Processing of Gold Nanowires
- 2000
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 12:19, s. 1430-1432
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Gold nanowires have been produced by the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes were mixed with a suspension of gold nanoparticles, resulting in a decrease in color intensity of the suspension, and indicating binding between the nanotubes and the gold (see Figure). Subsequent heating in air for 2 min gave rise to continuous nanowires up to 10 μm in length (see also cover).
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| 4. |
- Pitois, C., et al.
(författare)
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Functionalized fluorinated hyperbranched polymers for optical waveguide applications
- 2001
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 13:19, s. 1483-1487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorinated dendritic or hyperbranched polymers are demonstrated for the first time to be potentially useful for optical waveguide applications, for example in telecommunications. The required materials properties include the control of the refractive index over a wide range and UV-crosslinking for ease of processing and stable long-term mechanical properties. The authors report the synthesis of suitable functionalized fluorinated hyperbranched polymers and how the above requirements can be met by functionalization at the periphery of the polymers.
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| 5. |
- Jager, Edwin, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Perpendicular Actuation with Individually Controlled Polymer Microactuators
- 2001
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 13:1, s. 76-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Actuator systems based on conducting polymers, such as polypyrole, with which three-dimensional movement can be controlled, are described. The Figure shows a combination of two such microactuators which are used to “kick” a glass bead across the surface of a silicon wafer. The microfabrication methods used to produce the systems are described and the potential uses, for example microrobotic arms, discussed.
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| 6. |
- Aitola, Kerttu, et al.
(författare)
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High Temperature-Stable Perovskite Solar Cell Based on Low-Cost Carbon Nanotube Hole Contact
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 29:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mixed ion perovskite solar cells (PSC) are manufactured with a metal-free hole contact based on press-transferred single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film infiltrated with 2,2,7,-7-tetrakis(N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,90-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD). By means of maximum power point tracking, their stabilities are compared with those of standard PSCs employing spin-coated Spiro-OMeTAD and a thermally evaporated Au back contact, under full 1 sun illumination, at 60 degrees C, and in a N-2 atmosphere. During the 140 h experiment, the solar cells with the Au electrode experience a dramatic, irreversible efficiency loss, rendering them effectively nonoperational, whereas the SWCNT-contacted devices show only a small linear efficiency loss with an extrapolated lifetime of 580 h.
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| 7. |
- Amdursky, Nadav, et al.
(författare)
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Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 31:3
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Switchable Charge Traps in Polymer Diodes
- 2005
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 17:14, s. 1798-1803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Anusuyadevi, Prasaanth Ravi, et al.
(författare)
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Photoresponsive and Polarization-Sensitive Structural Colors from Cellulose/Liquid Crystal Nanophotonic Structures
- 2021
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 33:36, s. 2101519-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) possess the ability to form helical periodic structures that generate structural colors. Due to the helicity, such self-assembled cellulose structures preferentially reflect left-handed circularly polarized light of certain colors, while they remain transparent to right-handed circularly polarized light. This study shows that combination with a liquid crystal enables modulation of the optical response to obtain light reflection of both handedness but with reversed spectral profiles. As a result, the nanophotonic systems provide vibrant structural colors that are tunable via the incident light polarization. The results are attributed to the liquid crystal aligning on the CNC/glucose film, to form a birefringent layer that twists the incident light polarization before interaction with the chiral cellulose nanocomposite. Using a photoresponsive liquid crystal, this effect can further be turned off by exposure to UV light, which switches the nematic liquid crystal into a nonbirefringent isotropic phase. The study highlights the potential of hybrid cellulose systems to create self-assembled yet advanced photoresponsive and polarization-tunable nanophotonics.
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| 11. |
- Aparicio, Francisco J., et al.
(författare)
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Transparent Nanometric Organic Luminescent Films as UV-Active Components in Photonic Structures
- 2011
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 23:6, s. 761-765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new kind of visible-blind organic thin-film material, consisting of a polymeric matrix with a high concentration of embedded 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) dye molecules, that absorbs UV light and emits green light is presented. The thin films can be grown on sensitive substrates, including flexible polymers and paper. Their suitability as photonic active components in photonic devices is demonstrated.
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| 12. |
- Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura, Varvara, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Thermally Insulating Nanocellulose-Based Materials
- 2021
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 33:28
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermally insulating materials based on renewable nanomaterials such as nanocellulose could reduce the energy consumption and the environmental impact of the building sector. Recent reports of superinsulating cellulose nanomaterial (CNM)-based aerogels and foams with significantly better heat transport properties than the commercially dominating materials, such as expanded polystyrene, polyurethane foams, and glass wool, have resulted in a rapidly increasing research activity. Herein, the fundamental basis of thermal conductivity of porous materials is described, and the anisotropic heat transfer properties of CNMs and films with aligned CNMs and the processing and structure of novel CNM-based aerogels and foams with low thermal conductivities are presented and discussed. The extraordinarily low thermal conductivity of anisotropic porous architectures and multicomponent approaches are highlighted and related to the contributions of the Knudsen effect and phonon scattering.
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| 13. |
- Arjmandi-Tash, Hadi, et al.
(författare)
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Zero-Depth Interfacial Nanopore Capillaries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 30:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-fidelity analysis of translocating biomolecules through nanopores demands shortening the nanocapillary length to a minimal value. Existing nanopores and capillaries, however, inherit a finite length from the parent membranes. Here, nanocapillaries of zero depth are formed by dissolving two superimposed and crossing metallic nanorods, molded in polymeric slabs. In an electrolyte, the interface shared by the crossing fluidic channels is mathematically of zero thickness and defines the narrowest constriction in the stream of ions through the nanopore device. This novel architecture provides the possibility to design nanopore fluidic channels, particularly with a robust 3D architecture maintaining the ultimate zero thickness geometry independently of the thickness of the fluidic channels. With orders of magnitude reduced biomolecule translocation speed, and lowered electronic and ionic noise compared to nanopores in 2D materials, the findings establish interfacial nanopores as a scalable platform for realizing nanofluidic systems, capable of single-molecule detection.
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| 14. |
- Arseneault, Mathieu, et al.
(författare)
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The Dawn of Thiol-Yne Triazine Triones Thermosets as a New Material Platform Suited for Hard Tissue Repair
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 30:52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The identification of a unique set of advanced materials that can bear extraordinary loads for use in bone and tooth repair will inevitably unlock unlimited opportunities for clinical use. Herein, the design of high-performance thermosets is reported based on triazine-trione (TATO) monomers using light-initiated thiol-yne coupling (TYC) chemistry as a polymerization strategy. In comparison to traditional thiol-ene coupling (TEC) systems, TYC chemistry has yielded highly dense networks with unprecedented mechanical properties. The most promising system notes 4.6 GPa in flexural modulus and 160 MPa in flexural strength, an increase of 84% in modulus and 191% in strength when compared to the corresponding TATO system based on TEC chemistry. Remarkably, the mechanical properties exceed those of polylactide (PLA) and challenge poly(ether ether ketone) PEEK and today's methacrylate-based dental resin composites. All the materials display excellent biocompatibility, in vitro, and are successfully: i) molded into medical devices for fracture repair, and ii) used as bone adhesive for fracture fixation and as tooth fillers with the outstanding bond strength that outperform methacrylate systems used today in dental restoration application. Collectively, a new era of advanced TYC materials is unfolded that can fulfill the preconditions as bone fixating implants and for tooth restorations.
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| 15. |
- Atxabal, Ainhoa, et al.
(författare)
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Energy Level Alignment at Metal/Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductor Interfaces
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 29:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy barriers between the metal Fermi energy and the molecular levels of organic semiconductor devoted to charge transport play a fundamental role in the performance of organic electronic devices. Typically, techniques such as electron photoemission spectroscopy, Kelvin probe measurements, and in-device hot-electron spectroscopy have been applied to study these interfacial energy barriers. However, so far there has not been any direct method available for the determination of energy barriers at metal interfaces with n-type polymeric semiconductors. This study measures and compares metal/solution-processed electron-transporting polymer interface energy barriers by in-device hot-electron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. It not only demonstrates in-device hot-electron spectroscopy as a direct and reliable technique for these studies but also brings it closer to technological applications by working ex situ under ambient conditions. Moreover, this study determines that the contamination layer coming from air exposure does not play any significant role on the energy barrier alignment for charge transport. The theoretical model developed for this work confirms all the experimental observations.
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| 16. |
- Aziz, Shazed, et al.
(författare)
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Plant-Like Tropisms in Artificial Muscles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Helical plants have the ability of tropisms to respond to natural stimuli, and biomimicry of such helical shapes into artificial muscles has been vastly popular. However, the shape-mimicked actuators only respond to artificially provided stimulus, they are not adaptive to variable natural conditions, thus being unsuitable for real-life applications where on-demand, autonomous operations are required. Novel artificial muscles made of hierarchically patterned helically wound yarns that are self-adaptive to environmental humidity and temperature changes are demonstrated here. Unlike shape-mimicked artificial muscles, a unique microstructural biomimicking approach is adopted, where the muscle yarns can effectively replicate the hydrotropism and thermotropism of helical plants to their microfibril level using plant-like microstructural memories. Large strokes, with rapid movement, are obtained when the individual microfilament of yarn is inlaid with hydrogel and further twisted into a coil-shaped hierarchical structure. The developed artificial muscle provides an average actuation speed of approximate to 5.2% s(-1) at expansion and approximate to 3.1% s(-1) at contraction cycles, being the fastest amongst previously demonstrated actuators of similar type. It is demonstrated that these muscle yarns can autonomously close a window in wet climates. The building block yarns are washable without any material degradation, making them suitable for smart, reusable textile and soft robotic devices.
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| 17. |
- Bao, Chunxiong, et al.
(författare)
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High Performance and Stable All-Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Photodetectors for Optical Communication Applications
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 30:38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photodetectors are critical parts of an optical communication system for achieving efficient photoelectronic conversion of signals, and the response speed directly determines the bandwidth of the whole system. Metal halide perovskites, an emerging class of low-cost solution-processed semiconductors, exhibiting strong optical absorption, low trap states, and high carrier mobility, are widely investigated in photodetection applications. Herein, through optimizing the device engineering and film quality, high-performance photodetectors based on all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite (CsPbIxBr3-x), which simultaneously possess high sensitivity and fast response, are demonstrated. The optimized devices processed from CsPbIBr2 perovskite show a practically measured detectable limit of about 21.5 pW cm(-2) and a fast response time of 20 ns, which are both among the highest reported device performance of perovskite-based photodetectors. Moreover, the photodetectors exhibit outstanding long-term environmental stability, with negligible degradation of the photoresponse property after 2000 h under ambient conditions. In addition, the resulting perovskite photodetector is successfully integrated into an optical communication system and its applications as an optical signal receiver on transmitting text and audio signals is demonstrated. The results suggest that all-inorganic metal halide perovskite-based photodetectors have great application potential for optical communication.
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| 18. |
- Bao, Jiming, et al.
(författare)
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Nanowire-induced Wurtzite InAs Thin Film on Zinc-Blende InAs Substrate
- 2009
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 1521-4095 .- 0935-9648. ; 21:36, s. 3654-3654
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- InAs pyramids and platelets on a zinc-blende InAs substrate are found to exhibit a wurtzite crystal structure. induced by wurtzite InAs nanowires, wurtzite InAs thin film and its associated zinc-blende/wurtzite heterocrystalline heterostructures may open up new opportunities in band-gap engineering and related device applications.
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| 19. |
- Barbero, David, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon nanotube networks : nano-engineering of SWNT networks for enhanced charge transport at ultralow nanotube loading
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 26:19, s. 3164-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arrays of nano-engineered carbon nanotube networks embedded in nanoscale polymer structures enable highly efficient charge transport as demonstrated by D. R. Barbero and co-workers on page 3111. An increase in charge transport by several orders of magnitude is recorded at low nanotube loading compared to traditional random networks in either insulating (polystyrene) or semiconducting (polythiophene) polymers. These novel networks are expected to enhance the performance of next generation hybrid and carbon based photovoltaic devices.
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| 20. |
- Barbero, David, et al.
(författare)
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Nano-engineering of SWNT networks for enhanced charge transport at ultralow nanotube loading
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 26:19, s. 3111-3117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate a simple and controllable method to form periodic arrays of highly conductive nano-engineered single wall carbon nanotube networks from solution. These networks increase the conductivity of a polymer composite by as much as eight orders of magnitude compared to a traditional random network. These nano-engineered networks are demonstrated in both polystyrene and polythiophene polymers.
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| 21. |
- Barbero, David R., et al.
(författare)
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Functional single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanoengineered networks for organic- and Perovskite-solar-cell applications
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 28:44, s. 9668-9685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nanotubes have a variety of remarkable electronic and mechanical properties that, in principle, lend them to promising optoelectronic applications. However, the field has been plagued by heterogeneity in the distributions of synthesized tubes and uncontrolled bundling, both of which have prevented nanotubes from reaching their full potential. Here, a variety of recently demonstrated solution-processing avenues is presented, which may combat these challenges through manipulation of nanoscale structures. Recent advances in polymer-wrapping of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are shown, along with how the resulting nanostructures can selectively disperse tubes while also exploiting the favorable properties of the polymer, such as light-harvesting ability. New methods to controllably form nanoengineered SWNT networks with controlled nanotube placement are discussed. These nanoengineered networks decrease bundling, lower the percolation threshold, and enable a strong enhancement in charge conductivity compared to random networks, making them potentially attractive for optoelectronic applications. Finally, SWNT applications, to date, in organic and perovskite photovoltaics are reviewed, and insights as to how the aforementioned recent advancements can lead to improved device performance provided.
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| 22. |
- Barriga, Hanna M. G., et al.
(författare)
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Coupling Lipid Nanoparticle Structure and Automated Single-Particle Composition Analysis to Design Phospholipase-Responsive Nanocarriers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 34:26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are versatile structures with tunable physicochemical properties that are ideally suited as a platform for vaccine delivery and RNA therapeutics. A key barrier to LNP rational design is the inability to relate composition and structure to intracellular processing and function. Here Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis (SPARTA) is combined with small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) techniques to link LNP composition with internal structure and morphology and to monitor dynamic LNP-phospholipase D (PLD) interactions. This analysis demonstrates that PLD, a key intracellular trafficking mediator, can access the entire LNP lipid membrane to generate stable, anionic LNPs. PLD activity on vesicles with matched amounts of enzyme substrate is an order of magnitude lower, indicating that the LNP lipid membrane structure can be used to control enzyme interactions. This represents an opportunity to design enzyme-responsive LNP solutions for stimuli-responsive delivery and diseases where PLD is dysregulated.
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| 23. |
- Behera, Nilamani, et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-Low Current 10 nm Spin Hall Nano-Oscillators
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 36:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nano-constriction based spin Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) are at the forefront of spintronics research for emerging technological applications, such as oscillator-based neuromorphic computing and Ising Machines. However, their miniaturization to the sub-50 nm width regime results in poor scaling of the threshold current. Here, it shows that current shunting through the Si substrate is the origin of this problem and studies how different seed layers can mitigate it. It finds that an ultra-thin Al2O3 seed layer and SiN (200 nm) coated p-Si substrates provide the best improvement, enabling us to scale down the SHNO width to a truly nanoscopic dimension of 10 nm, operating at threshold currents below 30 (Formula presented.) A. In addition, the combination of electrical insulation and high thermal conductivity of the Al2O3 seed will offer the best conditions for large SHNO arrays, avoiding any significant temperature gradients within the array. The state-of-the-art ultra-low operational current SHNOs hence pave an energy-efficient route to scale oscillator-based computing to large dynamical neural networks of linear chains or 2Darrays.
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| 24. |
- Benselfelt, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemically Controlled Hydrogels with Electrotunable Permeability and Uniaxial Actuation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 35:45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unique properties of hydrogels enable the design of life-like soft intelligent systems. However, stimuli-responsive hydrogels still suffer from limited actuation control. Direct electronic control of electronically conductive hydrogels can solve this challenge and allow direct integration with modern electronic systems. An electrochemically controlled nanowire composite hydrogel with high in-plane conductivity that stimulates a uniaxial electrochemical osmotic expansion is demonstrated. This materials system allows precisely controlled shape-morphing at only -1 V, where capacitive charging of the hydrogel bulk leads to a large uniaxial expansion of up to 300%, caused by the ingress of & AP;700 water molecules per electron-ion pair. The material retains its state when turned off, which is ideal for electrotunable membranes as the inherent coupling between the expansion and mesoporosity enables electronic control of permeability for adaptive separation, fractionation, and distribution. Used as electrochemical osmotic hydrogel actuators, they achieve an electroactive pressure of up to 0.7 MPa (1.4 MPa vs dry) and a work density of & AP;150 kJ m-3 (2 MJ m-3 vs dry). This new materials system paves the way to integrate actuation, sensing, and controlled permeation into advanced soft intelligent systems. The unique properties of hydrogels enable the design of life-like soft intelligent systems. This work demonstrates how the swelling of hydrogels from cellulose nanofibrils and carbon nanotubes can be electrochemically controlled to achieve electrochemical osmotic actuation. This new materials system paves the way for integrated actuation, sensing, and controlled permeation in electrotunable separation membranes or soft actuators.image
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| 25. |
- Benselfelt, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemically Controlled Hydrogels with Electrotunable Permeability and Uniaxial Actuation
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 35:45
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unique properties of hydrogels enable the design of life-like soft intelligent systems. However, stimuli-responsive hydrogels still suffer from limited actuation control. Direct electronic control of electronically conductive hydrogels can solve this challenge and allow direct integration with modern electronic systems. An electrochemically controlled nanowire composite hydrogel with high in-plane conductivity that stimulates a uniaxial electrochemical osmotic expansion is demonstrated. This materials system allows precisely controlled shape-morphing at only −1 V, where capacitive charging of the hydrogel bulk leads to a large uniaxial expansion of up to 300%, caused by the ingress of ≈700 water molecules per electron–ion pair. The material retains its state when turned off, which is ideal for electrotunable membranes as the inherent coupling between the expansion and mesoporosity enables electronic control of permeability for adaptive separation, fractionation, and distribution. Used as electrochemical osmotic hydrogel actuators, they achieve an electroactive pressure of up to 0.7 MPa (1.4 MPa vs dry) and a work density of ≈150 kJ m−3 (2 MJ m−3 vs dry). This new materials system paves the way to integrate actuation, sensing, and controlled permeation into advanced soft intelligent systems.
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